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<p>Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a metal-cofactor antioxidant enzyme that protects cells against oxidative stress. Here, we determined two novel <i>MnSOD</i> and <i>CuZnSOD</i> genes from the freshwater dinoflagellate <i>Palatinus apiculatus</i> (designated as <i>PaMnSOD</i> and <i>PaCuZnSOD</i>) and characterized their structural motifs and phylogenetic relatedness. In addition, we evaluated the effects of environmental contaminants on their gene expression and enzyme activities. <i>PaMnSOD</i> encoded an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,062&#xa0;bp with a 297-bp intron, whereas <i>PaCuZnSOD</i> encoded a 618-bp ORF without introns. Both PaSODs were predicted to direct chloroplast via the N-terminal signal and presented the conserved signature motifs and metal-binding sites. Phylogenetic results showed that each PaSOD was clustered separately with those of other dinoflagellates. Their gene expression levels increased slightly after 6&#xa0;h when exposed to heavy metals and pesticides, then decreased after 24&#xa0;h. Interestingly, we found dramatic increases of both genes under exposure to algicides, CuSO<sub>4</sub> and NaOCl. Even they significantly increased ROS production and SOD activities in treated cells. These suggest that both <i>PaSODs</i> may participate in the cellular defense mechanisms of dinoflagellates against oxidative stress and can be used as early warning biomarkers for algicidal agents.</p>

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Two chloroplast superoxide dismutase genes (MnSOD and CuZnSOD) in the freshwater dinoflagellate Palatinus apiculatus and their high-level gene expression in response to algicidal agents

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月14日

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  • Quynh Thi Nhu Bui,
  • Han-Sol Kim,
  • Jang-Seu Ki

摘要

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a metal-cofactor antioxidant enzyme that protects cells against oxidative stress. Here, we determined two novel MnSOD and CuZnSOD genes from the freshwater dinoflagellate Palatinus apiculatus (designated as PaMnSOD and PaCuZnSOD) and characterized their structural motifs and phylogenetic relatedness. In addition, we evaluated the effects of environmental contaminants on their gene expression and enzyme activities. PaMnSOD encoded an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,062 bp with a 297-bp intron, whereas PaCuZnSOD encoded a 618-bp ORF without introns. Both PaSODs were predicted to direct chloroplast via the N-terminal signal and presented the conserved signature motifs and metal-binding sites. Phylogenetic results showed that each PaSOD was clustered separately with those of other dinoflagellates. Their gene expression levels increased slightly after 6 h when exposed to heavy metals and pesticides, then decreased after 24 h. Interestingly, we found dramatic increases of both genes under exposure to algicides, CuSO4 and NaOCl. Even they significantly increased ROS production and SOD activities in treated cells. These suggest that both PaSODs may participate in the cellular defense mechanisms of dinoflagellates against oxidative stress and can be used as early warning biomarkers for algicidal agents.