<p>A complete mapping of a group <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="44" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\Gamma ,+)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a bijection <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="74" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varphi :\Gamma \rightarrow \Gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for which the mapping <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="101" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x \mapsto x+\varphi (x)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>↦</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>φ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a bijection. In this paper we consider the existence of a complete mapping <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varphi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>φ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of an Abelian group <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and a partition <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="97" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S_1,S_2,\ldots , S_t\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of elements of <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="22" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="185" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sum _{s\in S_i}s=\sum _{s\in S_i}\varphi (s)=0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>s</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mi>s</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>s</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for every <i>i</i>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="70" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1 \le i \le t\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. A <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-magic rectangle set <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="95" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{MRS}_{\Gamma }(a, b; c)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mtext>MRS</mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>;</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of order <i>abc</i> is a collection of <i>c</i> arrays <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="51" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((a\times b)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> whose entries are elements of an Abelian group <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of order <i>abc</i>, each appearing once, with all row sums in every rectangle equal to the constant <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="44" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\omega \in \Gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ω</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and all column sums in every rectangle equal to the constant <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\delta \in \Gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. While a complete characterization of <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="95" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{MRS}_\Gamma (a,b;c)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mtext>MRS</mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>;</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> exists for cases where <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="155" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\{a,b\}\not =\{2k+1,2^{\alpha }\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> <mo>≠</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>k</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mi>α</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the scenario where <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq18.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="155" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\{a,b\}=\{2k+1,2^{\alpha }\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>k</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mi>α</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> remains unsolved for <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq19.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha &gt;1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Using the partition of <InlineEquation ID="IEq20"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq20.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> into zero-sum sets by complete mappings, we give some sufficient conditions that a <InlineEquation ID="IEq21"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq21.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-magic rectangle set <InlineEquation ID="IEq22"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10801_2025_1392_Article_IEq22.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="141" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{MRS}_{\Gamma }(2k+1, 2^{\alpha };c)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mtext>MRS</mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>k</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mi>α</mi> </msup> <mo>;</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> exists.</p>

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Partition of Abelian groups into zero-sum sets by complete mappings and its application to the existence of a magic rectangle set

  • Sylwia Cichacz

摘要

A complete mapping of a group \((\Gamma ,+)\) ( Γ , + ) is a bijection \(\varphi :\Gamma \rightarrow \Gamma \) φ : Γ Γ for which the mapping \(x \mapsto x+\varphi (x)\) x x + φ ( x ) is a bijection. In this paper we consider the existence of a complete mapping \(\varphi \) φ of an Abelian group \(\Gamma \) Γ and a partition \(S_1,S_2,\ldots , S_t\) S 1 , S 2 , , S t of elements of \(\Gamma \) Γ such that \(\sum _{s\in S_i}s=\sum _{s\in S_i}\varphi (s)=0\) s S i s = s S i φ ( s ) = 0 for every i, \(1 \le i \le t\) 1 i t . A \(\Gamma \) Γ -magic rectangle set \(\textrm{MRS}_{\Gamma }(a, b; c)\) MRS Γ ( a , b ; c ) of order abc is a collection of c arrays \((a\times b)\) ( a × b ) whose entries are elements of an Abelian group \(\Gamma \) Γ of order abc, each appearing once, with all row sums in every rectangle equal to the constant \(\omega \in \Gamma \) ω Γ and all column sums in every rectangle equal to the constant \(\delta \in \Gamma \) δ Γ . While a complete characterization of \(\textrm{MRS}_\Gamma (a,b;c)\) MRS Γ ( a , b ; c ) exists for cases where \(\{a,b\}\not =\{2k+1,2^{\alpha }\}\) { a , b } { 2 k + 1 , 2 α } , the scenario where \(\{a,b\}=\{2k+1,2^{\alpha }\}\) { a , b } = { 2 k + 1 , 2 α } remains unsolved for \(\alpha >1\) α > 1 . Using the partition of \(\Gamma \) Γ into zero-sum sets by complete mappings, we give some sufficient conditions that a \(\Gamma \) Γ -magic rectangle set \(\textrm{MRS}_{\Gamma }(2k+1, 2^{\alpha };c)\) MRS Γ ( 2 k + 1 , 2 α ; c ) exists.