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<p>Microbial fuel cell (MFC) face one of key challenges is inconsistent electron generation along with the organic pollutants (bisphenol A (BPA)) remediation. This article reduces this limitation by using expired commercial yogurt (ECY) as an efficient organic substrate to enhance MFC performance. On day 20, the peak voltage was 163&#xa0;mV, which corresponded to the maximum conductivity and ionic strength. Under a 1000 Ω, the maximum voltage reached 200&#xa0;mV. The peak power density was 2.13 mW m<sup>−2</sup>, with a high current density of 28.98&#xa0;mA&#xa0;m<sup>−2</sup>. The internal resistance was 704.54 Ω. Daily energy recovery amounted to 1.275&#xa0;J, culminating in a total of 25.50&#xa0;J over a span of 20&#xa0;days, with 0.1275&#xa0;J produced per gram of organic substrate. Electrochemical tests validated biofilm maturity, indicated by a specific capacitance of 3.60 × 10⁻<sup>5</sup> F g<sup>−1</sup> on day 30. The system had a BPA remediation effectiveness of 98.58% using ECY. SEM–EDX identified a robust biofilm enriched in Gram-positive cocci, including <i>Staphylococcus</i>, <i>Mammaliicoccus</i>, and <i>Macrococcus</i>, recognized for their role in extracellular electron transport. Lastly, future perspectives and concluding remarks has been considered as well.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Enhanced bioelectricity generation and bisphenol a remediation using expired yogurt in microbial fuel cell

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月26日

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  • Akil Ahmad,
  • Mohammed B. Alshammari,
  • Asim Ali Yaqoob,
  • Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim

摘要

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) face one of key challenges is inconsistent electron generation along with the organic pollutants (bisphenol A (BPA)) remediation. This article reduces this limitation by using expired commercial yogurt (ECY) as an efficient organic substrate to enhance MFC performance. On day 20, the peak voltage was 163 mV, which corresponded to the maximum conductivity and ionic strength. Under a 1000 Ω, the maximum voltage reached 200 mV. The peak power density was 2.13 mW m−2, with a high current density of 28.98 mA m−2. The internal resistance was 704.54 Ω. Daily energy recovery amounted to 1.275 J, culminating in a total of 25.50 J over a span of 20 days, with 0.1275 J produced per gram of organic substrate. Electrochemical tests validated biofilm maturity, indicated by a specific capacitance of 3.60 × 10⁻5 F g−1 on day 30. The system had a BPA remediation effectiveness of 98.58% using ECY. SEM–EDX identified a robust biofilm enriched in Gram-positive cocci, including Staphylococcus, Mammaliicoccus, and Macrococcus, recognized for their role in extracellular electron transport. Lastly, future perspectives and concluding remarks has been considered as well.

Graphical Abstract