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<p>Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized through a green approach using grape seed extract in a betaine-urea (1:2) natural deep eutectic solvent, which prevented silver chloride precipitation and provided a sustainable reaction medium. The synthesized nanoparticles were subsequently incorporated into a modified electrode for the electrochemical determination of quercetin. The formation and colloidal stability of the AgNPs were evaluated by UV‑Vis spectroscopy, polydispersity index, and zeta potential measurements, while morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy techniques. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance band at 420&#xa0;nm, satisfactory colloidal stability, and predominantly quasi-spherical morphology with particle sizes ranging from 3 to 14&#xa0;nm. The silver nanoparticles were used to construct an electrochemical sensor by casting a carbon black/AgNPs/Nafion film onto a glassy carbon electrode and employed for quercetin determination by square-wave voltammetry (SWV) in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 4). Under the optimum conditions, the sensor exhibited linearity for quercetin concentrations ranging from 4 to 210 nM, with a limit of detection of 1.97 nM, as well as good repeatability, reproducibility, and satisfactory selectivity. These results indicated that silver nanoparticles synthesized using grape seed extract obtained with a natural deep eutectic solvent provide an effective and sustainable platform for the development of sensitive electrochemical sensors.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Natural deep eutectic solvent-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from grape seed extract for square-wave voltammetric determination of quercetin in nutraceutical samples

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月11日

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  • Airton Vicente Pereira,
  • Charbel Nagib Mouchrek,
  • Orlando Fatibello-Filho

摘要

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized through a green approach using grape seed extract in a betaine-urea (1:2) natural deep eutectic solvent, which prevented silver chloride precipitation and provided a sustainable reaction medium. The synthesized nanoparticles were subsequently incorporated into a modified electrode for the electrochemical determination of quercetin. The formation and colloidal stability of the AgNPs were evaluated by UV‑Vis spectroscopy, polydispersity index, and zeta potential measurements, while morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy techniques. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited a surface plasmon resonance band at 420 nm, satisfactory colloidal stability, and predominantly quasi-spherical morphology with particle sizes ranging from 3 to 14 nm. The silver nanoparticles were used to construct an electrochemical sensor by casting a carbon black/AgNPs/Nafion film onto a glassy carbon electrode and employed for quercetin determination by square-wave voltammetry (SWV) in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 4). Under the optimum conditions, the sensor exhibited linearity for quercetin concentrations ranging from 4 to 210 nM, with a limit of detection of 1.97 nM, as well as good repeatability, reproducibility, and satisfactory selectivity. These results indicated that silver nanoparticles synthesized using grape seed extract obtained with a natural deep eutectic solvent provide an effective and sustainable platform for the development of sensitive electrochemical sensors.

Graphical abstract