<p>Black phosphorus (BP) has garnered significant attention as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its severe volume expansion during lithiation/delithiation and low intrinsic electrical conductivity lead to poor cycling stability. To address these challenges, this study constructed a conductive network material (denoted as BCM composite) by integrating MXene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with BP via a ball-milling method. This strategy aims to synergistically suppress the volume expansion of BP and enhance its electrochemical performance through mechanical confinement and improved electrical conductivity. Results demonstrate that stable P–O–Ti chemical bonds formed between MXene and BP, effectively enhancing the structural stability and facilitating lithium-ion diffusion. The as-prepared BCM anode exhibits exceptional long-cycle life and outstanding rate capability, retaining reversible capacities of 472.6, 318.3, and 300.7 mAh g⁻¹ after 300 cycles at high current densities of 2, 5, and 10&#xa0;A g⁻¹, respectively. Kinetic analysis further confirms faster interfacial charge transfer kinetics and reaction rates. In conclusion, the synergistic conductive network constructed by MXene and CNTs provides an effective strategy for inhibiting volume expansion and improving the overall performance of BP-based anodes. This study offers valuable insights for promoting the application of black phosphorus in high-performance lithium-ion batteries.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Constructing a MXene/CNT-black phosphorus hierarchical scaffold by mechanical milling for superior lithium storage

  • Jiahui Lv,
  • Jinnuo Yang,
  • Wenqiang Ai,
  • Jiang Yan,
  • Yang Liu,
  • Lei Zu,
  • Huiqin Lian

摘要

Black phosphorus (BP) has garnered significant attention as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its severe volume expansion during lithiation/delithiation and low intrinsic electrical conductivity lead to poor cycling stability. To address these challenges, this study constructed a conductive network material (denoted as BCM composite) by integrating MXene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with BP via a ball-milling method. This strategy aims to synergistically suppress the volume expansion of BP and enhance its electrochemical performance through mechanical confinement and improved electrical conductivity. Results demonstrate that stable P–O–Ti chemical bonds formed between MXene and BP, effectively enhancing the structural stability and facilitating lithium-ion diffusion. The as-prepared BCM anode exhibits exceptional long-cycle life and outstanding rate capability, retaining reversible capacities of 472.6, 318.3, and 300.7 mAh g⁻¹ after 300 cycles at high current densities of 2, 5, and 10 A g⁻¹, respectively. Kinetic analysis further confirms faster interfacial charge transfer kinetics and reaction rates. In conclusion, the synergistic conductive network constructed by MXene and CNTs provides an effective strategy for inhibiting volume expansion and improving the overall performance of BP-based anodes. This study offers valuable insights for promoting the application of black phosphorus in high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

Graphical abstract