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Background <p>Allergic ocular surface disease affects 20–40% of populations globally, with seasonal patterns undocumented in south Asian populations, limiting evidence-based resource planning in resource-constrained settings.</p> Methods <p>This prospective cross-sectional study enrolled 201 consecutive patients (mean age 33.1&#xa0;years, 49.8% female) from a tertiary care ophthalmology outpatient department over 12&#xa0;months. Participants underwent standardized assessment: Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI ≥ 23), Schirmer's test (&lt; 5&#xa0;mm/5&#xa0;min), and tear break-up time (TBUT &lt; 5&#xa0;s). Environmental data were obtained from the Meteorological Department. Primary outcome: seasonal clustering of disease presentation.</p> Results <p>Disease severity was significantly elevated during high-prevalence seasons: OSDI 40.99 versus 34.04 (difference 6.95; 95% CI: 2.83–11.07; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001); Schirmer's test 2.71&#xa0;mm versus 3.40&#xa0;mm (<i>p</i> = 0.006); TBUT 2.38 versus 3.48&#xa0;s (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001; Cohen's d =  − 0.831). Diagnostic criterion achievement was 58.3% versus 35.0% (<i>p</i> = 0.001). Season emerged as the independent predictor (OR 0.363; 95% CI: 0.199–0.663; <i>p</i> = 0.001), with each 1&#xa0;°C temperature increase associated with 0.041-s TBUT reduction (r =  − 0.313; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001).</p> Conclusions <p>Allergic ocular surface disease exhibited pronounced seasonal clustering driven primarily by temperature-mediated tear film destabilization. These findings support anticipatory healthcare resource planning—seasonal appointment augmentation and pharmacotherapy stockpiling—for resource-constrained facilities.</p>

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Seasonal variations and environmental factors associated with allergic ocular surface disease: A prospective observational study of clinical presentation patterns in South Asian region

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月27日

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  • Asadullah Jatoi

摘要

Background

Allergic ocular surface disease affects 20–40% of populations globally, with seasonal patterns undocumented in south Asian populations, limiting evidence-based resource planning in resource-constrained settings.

Methods

This prospective cross-sectional study enrolled 201 consecutive patients (mean age 33.1 years, 49.8% female) from a tertiary care ophthalmology outpatient department over 12 months. Participants underwent standardized assessment: Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI ≥ 23), Schirmer's test (< 5 mm/5 min), and tear break-up time (TBUT < 5 s). Environmental data were obtained from the Meteorological Department. Primary outcome: seasonal clustering of disease presentation.

Results

Disease severity was significantly elevated during high-prevalence seasons: OSDI 40.99 versus 34.04 (difference 6.95; 95% CI: 2.83–11.07; p < 0.001); Schirmer's test 2.71 mm versus 3.40 mm (p = 0.006); TBUT 2.38 versus 3.48 s (p < 0.001; Cohen's d =  − 0.831). Diagnostic criterion achievement was 58.3% versus 35.0% (p = 0.001). Season emerged as the independent predictor (OR 0.363; 95% CI: 0.199–0.663; p = 0.001), with each 1 °C temperature increase associated with 0.041-s TBUT reduction (r =  − 0.313; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Allergic ocular surface disease exhibited pronounced seasonal clustering driven primarily by temperature-mediated tear film destabilization. These findings support anticipatory healthcare resource planning—seasonal appointment augmentation and pharmacotherapy stockpiling—for resource-constrained facilities.