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<p>The contemporary evolution of Cognitive Radio (CR), UWB and emerging 6G technologies demands compact size antennas, capable of delivering high gain, wide bandwidth and multiband compatibility. The prior designs have not completely utilized the merging of Defected Ground Structure (DGS) with metamaterial, resulting in limited scope for size minimization, multiband and bandwidth enhancement all at the same time. This article introduces a multiband, single layer meander line antenna. It implements an integration of hybrid DGS with metamaterial elements (a Split Ring Resonator (SRR) and Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR)) to achieve miniaturization with enhanced performance. This integration provides efficient current confinement, hybrid EM (Electromagnetic) loading that enables strong L-C resonance, and excitation of multiple resonant modes. Additionally, significant electrical size reduction and stable multiband operations are achieved by this proposed antenna structure. The proposed antenna was designed, fabricated and tested. The validated measurements represent S<sub>11</sub> values of −&#xa0;17.33dB, − 11.12dB, − 16.49dB, and − 10.53dB at multi-band resonances at 2.98 GHz, 4.43 GHz, 6.61 GHz and 10.63 GHz, respectively. A peak gain of 10.57 dBi at 14GHz is achieved by the fabricated antenna. The antenna’s total efficiency is estimated to increase from 35% at the lowest band to above 80% at higher frequencies. An overall 30–40% performance enhancement was also achieved at specific resonant modes with a fully passive, non-reconfigurable, single-layer structure compared to the baseline structure. The proposed Hybrid DGS metamaterial antenna provides coverage extending to 6G FR3 frequency range, offering a practical, low-cost solution for CR, UWB and 6G wireless application systems. The antenna covers frequencies up to the lower FR3 sub-band relevant to potential 6G sensing applications; coverage of upper FR3 or millimetre-wave 6G bands is not claimed.</p>

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A single layer meander line antenna design with metamaterial resonators integrated DGS for multiband CR, UWB, and 6G applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • K. N. V. Khasim,
  • B. Rajasekar

摘要

The contemporary evolution of Cognitive Radio (CR), UWB and emerging 6G technologies demands compact size antennas, capable of delivering high gain, wide bandwidth and multiband compatibility. The prior designs have not completely utilized the merging of Defected Ground Structure (DGS) with metamaterial, resulting in limited scope for size minimization, multiband and bandwidth enhancement all at the same time. This article introduces a multiband, single layer meander line antenna. It implements an integration of hybrid DGS with metamaterial elements (a Split Ring Resonator (SRR) and Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR)) to achieve miniaturization with enhanced performance. This integration provides efficient current confinement, hybrid EM (Electromagnetic) loading that enables strong L-C resonance, and excitation of multiple resonant modes. Additionally, significant electrical size reduction and stable multiband operations are achieved by this proposed antenna structure. The proposed antenna was designed, fabricated and tested. The validated measurements represent S11 values of − 17.33dB, − 11.12dB, − 16.49dB, and − 10.53dB at multi-band resonances at 2.98 GHz, 4.43 GHz, 6.61 GHz and 10.63 GHz, respectively. A peak gain of 10.57 dBi at 14GHz is achieved by the fabricated antenna. The antenna’s total efficiency is estimated to increase from 35% at the lowest band to above 80% at higher frequencies. An overall 30–40% performance enhancement was also achieved at specific resonant modes with a fully passive, non-reconfigurable, single-layer structure compared to the baseline structure. The proposed Hybrid DGS metamaterial antenna provides coverage extending to 6G FR3 frequency range, offering a practical, low-cost solution for CR, UWB and 6G wireless application systems. The antenna covers frequencies up to the lower FR3 sub-band relevant to potential 6G sensing applications; coverage of upper FR3 or millimetre-wave 6G bands is not claimed.