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<p>The inherent challenges posed by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) complicate the effective delivery of neuroprotective drugs. In response to these limitations, plant-based nanoparticle formulations are gaining interest for enhancing patient outcomes while minimizing side effects. Bacoside A (BM3) is a nootropic and neuroprotective saponin found in <i>Bacopa monnieri</i>. Owing to its limited permeability across the blood-brain barrier, BM3 is encapsulated within polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) for effective delivery. This study investigates the effects of BM3 encapsulated PLGA-PEG nanoparticles (BM3NPs) on kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxicity in a mouse model. It evaluates the protective effects of BM3NPs against neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, overexpression of seizure markers, and dysregulation of the mTOR pathway. BM3NPs exhibited an optimal size of 165.5&#xa0;nm and a zeta potential of – 32.5 mV, ensuring effective drug delivery. TEM studies demonstrated that BM3NPs (4&#xa0;mg/kg, b.w.) reduced KA-induced brain tissue damage by restoring normal nuclear outline and strengthening brain membrane integrity. BM3NP also suppressed the overexpression of fractalkine,&#xa0;AMPA glutamate receptors and mTORC1 signaling. BM3NP treatment also led to an increase in antioxidant levels while reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Overall, the findings suggest that BM3NPs could serve as a promising therapeutic option for addressing KA-induced excitotoxicity.</p>

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Preparation of bacoside A encapsulated PLGA-PEG nanoparticles for neuroprotection against kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月11日

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  • Vini C. Sekhar,
  • Sabulal Baby,
  • Gayathri Viswanathan

摘要

The inherent challenges posed by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) complicate the effective delivery of neuroprotective drugs. In response to these limitations, plant-based nanoparticle formulations are gaining interest for enhancing patient outcomes while minimizing side effects. Bacoside A (BM3) is a nootropic and neuroprotective saponin found in Bacopa monnieri. Owing to its limited permeability across the blood-brain barrier, BM3 is encapsulated within polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) for effective delivery. This study investigates the effects of BM3 encapsulated PLGA-PEG nanoparticles (BM3NPs) on kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxicity in a mouse model. It evaluates the protective effects of BM3NPs against neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, overexpression of seizure markers, and dysregulation of the mTOR pathway. BM3NPs exhibited an optimal size of 165.5 nm and a zeta potential of – 32.5 mV, ensuring effective drug delivery. TEM studies demonstrated that BM3NPs (4 mg/kg, b.w.) reduced KA-induced brain tissue damage by restoring normal nuclear outline and strengthening brain membrane integrity. BM3NP also suppressed the overexpression of fractalkine, AMPA glutamate receptors and mTORC1 signaling. BM3NP treatment also led to an increase in antioxidant levels while reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Overall, the findings suggest that BM3NPs could serve as a promising therapeutic option for addressing KA-induced excitotoxicity.