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Background <p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammation disorder affecting the joints, it has a complex pathophysiology including inflammatory cells (macrophages, CD4 + T and B-cells), oxidative markers (ROS, NO, MDA, GSH, and catalase). Inflammation promoting cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IL6, IL-17, and CRP create a feedback loop and irreversibly damage joints. NSAIDs and DMARDs treatments have adverse effects demanding for safer treatment options.</p> Purpose <p>The study aimed to validate the anti-arthritic efficacy of <i>Cassia fistula</i> fruit pulp extracts (aqueous, hydro-ethanolic, and ethanolic).</p> Methods <p>Extracts were prepared and chemically characterized through LC–MS. Chrysophanol and rhein present in extracts were evaluated for anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant potential on LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cell line. Extracts were evaluated for <i>in-vivo</i> anti-inflammatory (cytokine estimation), anti-oxidant potential (estimating oxidative stress markers) and micro-structural changes (histopathology of knee and ankle) in collagen-induced arthritis.</p> Results <p><i>In-vitro</i> study revealed significant anti-inflammatory potential against IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and ROS determination showed strong anti-oxidant potential of chrysophanol and rhein at 10&#xa0;μM. <i>In-vivo</i> studies revealed that ethanolic extract significantly inhibited IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17 production and reduced NO, MDA and augmented GSH, catalase levels significantly. Combined efficacy of ethanolic extract against inflammation, and oxidative stress thus, significantly reduced cellular infiltration, bone, cartilage damage and improved joint space in knee and ankle joints assessed through histopathology. Improved joint micro-structure ameliorated paw swelling, paw volume and disease score significantly. Thus, ethanolic extract of <i>C. fistula</i> fruit pulp may be an alternate or complementary treatment for managing RA.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Cassia fistula fruit pulp extracts mitigate collagen-induced arthritis via regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月26日

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  • Aashcharya U. Mishra,
  • Sumati Sen,
  • Mridula Sahu,
  • Meenu Devi,
  • Dewasya P. Singh,
  • Aakriti Gupta,
  • Abhishek K. Rai,
  • Ratnasekhar Ch,
  • Ashutosh K. Shukla,
  • Dnyaneshwar U. Bawankule,
  • Daya N. Mani

摘要

Background

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammation disorder affecting the joints, it has a complex pathophysiology including inflammatory cells (macrophages, CD4 + T and B-cells), oxidative markers (ROS, NO, MDA, GSH, and catalase). Inflammation promoting cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IL6, IL-17, and CRP create a feedback loop and irreversibly damage joints. NSAIDs and DMARDs treatments have adverse effects demanding for safer treatment options.

Purpose

The study aimed to validate the anti-arthritic efficacy of Cassia fistula fruit pulp extracts (aqueous, hydro-ethanolic, and ethanolic).

Methods

Extracts were prepared and chemically characterized through LC–MS. Chrysophanol and rhein present in extracts were evaluated for anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant potential on LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cell line. Extracts were evaluated for in-vivo anti-inflammatory (cytokine estimation), anti-oxidant potential (estimating oxidative stress markers) and micro-structural changes (histopathology of knee and ankle) in collagen-induced arthritis.

Results

In-vitro study revealed significant anti-inflammatory potential against IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and ROS determination showed strong anti-oxidant potential of chrysophanol and rhein at 10 μM. In-vivo studies revealed that ethanolic extract significantly inhibited IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17 production and reduced NO, MDA and augmented GSH, catalase levels significantly. Combined efficacy of ethanolic extract against inflammation, and oxidative stress thus, significantly reduced cellular infiltration, bone, cartilage damage and improved joint space in knee and ankle joints assessed through histopathology. Improved joint micro-structure ameliorated paw swelling, paw volume and disease score significantly. Thus, ethanolic extract of C. fistula fruit pulp may be an alternate or complementary treatment for managing RA.

Graphical Abstract