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Abstract <p><i>Ficus lyrata</i>, renowned for its traditional use in alleviating rheumatic pain and inflammation, was validated for its purported anti-arthritic and antiinflammatory properties using <i>Invivo</i>and<i>Invitro</i>models. In the <i>in-vivo</i> studies, carrageenan-induced acute oedema and a chronic arthritis induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) were employed. Oral dosing of methanolic extract from Ficus lyrata (m-FL) was administered at (250,500 and 750&#xa0;mg/kg) as well as methotrexate at 1&#xa0;mg/kg, significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001) demonstrated a dose dependent decrease in percent oedema/inflammation and notably reduced arthritis development in the CFA model, indicating strong anti-inflammatory effects over time. Further analysis revealed m-FL extract inhibited protein denaturation across all evaluated concentrations(1600,800,400,200,100,50&#xa0;µg/ml) suggesting potential mechanisms for their anti-inflammatory action. Phytochemical analysis identified flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the extract. Gene expression analysis of m-FL extract treatment group using qPCR showed a significant (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001) downregulation of various inflammatory markers (IL1,COX2,IL1β, NFκB, TNF,STAT-3,IL6) with simultaneous upregulation in the expression of antiinflammatory markers (IL4,10). The m-FL extract targets TNF-mediated decrease in interleukins specifically IL-1, IL1β and IL-6. Histopathological assessments and radiographic evaluations conducted subsequently demonstrated a significant decline in joint inflammation, bone erosion, and pannus formation, along with improved bone integrity and reduced inflammation in the m-FL extract-treated groups (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001). Although the m-FL extract exhibited relatively stronger antioxidant activity compared to ascorbic acid <i>in-vitro</i>, the primary efficacy lies in the potent immunomodulatory and anti-arthritic effects. The m-FL extract showed potential as an adjunct therapy for managing inflammatory conditions.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Immunomodulatory properties of a methanolic extract of Ficus lyrata mitigate inflammation in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-induced arthritis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月26日

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  • Anam Iftikhar,
  • Mohammad Saleem,
  • Syed Atif Raza,
  • Adrian Achuthan,
  • Rodney Luwor,
  • Taha Muhammad,
  • Umair Majeed

摘要

Abstract

Ficus lyrata, renowned for its traditional use in alleviating rheumatic pain and inflammation, was validated for its purported anti-arthritic and antiinflammatory properties using InvivoandInvitromodels. In the in-vivo studies, carrageenan-induced acute oedema and a chronic arthritis induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) were employed. Oral dosing of methanolic extract from Ficus lyrata (m-FL) was administered at (250,500 and 750 mg/kg) as well as methotrexate at 1 mg/kg, significantly (p < 0.0001) demonstrated a dose dependent decrease in percent oedema/inflammation and notably reduced arthritis development in the CFA model, indicating strong anti-inflammatory effects over time. Further analysis revealed m-FL extract inhibited protein denaturation across all evaluated concentrations(1600,800,400,200,100,50 µg/ml) suggesting potential mechanisms for their anti-inflammatory action. Phytochemical analysis identified flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the extract. Gene expression analysis of m-FL extract treatment group using qPCR showed a significant (p < 0.0001) downregulation of various inflammatory markers (IL1,COX2,IL1β, NFκB, TNF,STAT-3,IL6) with simultaneous upregulation in the expression of antiinflammatory markers (IL4,10). The m-FL extract targets TNF-mediated decrease in interleukins specifically IL-1, IL1β and IL-6. Histopathological assessments and radiographic evaluations conducted subsequently demonstrated a significant decline in joint inflammation, bone erosion, and pannus formation, along with improved bone integrity and reduced inflammation in the m-FL extract-treated groups (p < 0.0001). Although the m-FL extract exhibited relatively stronger antioxidant activity compared to ascorbic acid in-vitro, the primary efficacy lies in the potent immunomodulatory and anti-arthritic effects. The m-FL extract showed potential as an adjunct therapy for managing inflammatory conditions.

Graphical abstract