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<p>Many existing quantum dialogue (QD) protocols rely on multi-particle entanglement, which suffers from severe environmental decoherence. To circumvent this issue, this paper proposes a QD protocol based on single-photon polarization and spatial degrees of freedom. Furthermore, to overcome the passive information leakage vulnerabilities found in previous dual-degree-of-freedom protocols, our scheme employs a dual-randomization encryption mechanism. This approach severs the statistical correlation between ciphertexts and plaintexts to ensure security. Theoretical analysis indicates that the protocol resists common attacks, including Trojan-horse, intercept-resend, and entangle-and-measure attacks. Experimental results yield a measurement fidelity of 95.77% on the IBM <Emphasis FontCategory="NonProportional">ibm_fez</Emphasis> superconducting quantum processor. Additionally, even under high channel loss conditions, its single-pulse detection probability remains well above the dark count baseline, demonstrating superior robustness over typical multi-particle GHZ and cluster state protocols. The results demonstrate that this protocol provides a practical and feasible solution for quantum communication networks.</p>

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DRE-QD: Dual-Randomization Encrypted Quantum Dialogue Protocol Using Single Photons in Dual Degrees of Freedom

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • ChunYu Zhang,
  • Sen Zheng,
  • YingHua Jiang,
  • YanBing Liu

摘要

Many existing quantum dialogue (QD) protocols rely on multi-particle entanglement, which suffers from severe environmental decoherence. To circumvent this issue, this paper proposes a QD protocol based on single-photon polarization and spatial degrees of freedom. Furthermore, to overcome the passive information leakage vulnerabilities found in previous dual-degree-of-freedom protocols, our scheme employs a dual-randomization encryption mechanism. This approach severs the statistical correlation between ciphertexts and plaintexts to ensure security. Theoretical analysis indicates that the protocol resists common attacks, including Trojan-horse, intercept-resend, and entangle-and-measure attacks. Experimental results yield a measurement fidelity of 95.77% on the IBM ibm_fez superconducting quantum processor. Additionally, even under high channel loss conditions, its single-pulse detection probability remains well above the dark count baseline, demonstrating superior robustness over typical multi-particle GHZ and cluster state protocols. The results demonstrate that this protocol provides a practical and feasible solution for quantum communication networks.