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<p>This study investigates the thermal and optical properties of particles in relativistic systems by employing the Klein–Gordon equation within a fractional formalism framework. The analysis incorporates fractal dimensions through fractional calculus, considering systems with position-dependent mass (PDM) and influenced by external magnetic and topological defects. The fractional equations are solved analytically using the General Fractional Derivative Nikiforov–Uvarov (GFD-NU) method. Thermodynamic and optical properties of the selected diatomic molecules are derived and systematically examined with respect to variations in physical parameters. The results demonstrate that magnetic field strength and temperature exert the most significant influence on thermodynamic behaviour. Specifically, the free energy exhibits exponential growth with respect to the temperature function β and the internal energy decreases further under stronger magnetic fields. In terms of optical response, enhancements in magnetic field strength and optical intensity lead to noticeable shifts in the absorption coefficient and refractive index. A comparison with existing literature confirms the consistency and validity of the present findings.</p>

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Fractional Klein–Gordon Approach to Thermodynamic and Optical Properties of Diatomic Molecules under Magnetic Field and Topology Defect

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月4日

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  • L. K. Permatahati,
  • C. Cari,
  • A. Suparmi

摘要

This study investigates the thermal and optical properties of particles in relativistic systems by employing the Klein–Gordon equation within a fractional formalism framework. The analysis incorporates fractal dimensions through fractional calculus, considering systems with position-dependent mass (PDM) and influenced by external magnetic and topological defects. The fractional equations are solved analytically using the General Fractional Derivative Nikiforov–Uvarov (GFD-NU) method. Thermodynamic and optical properties of the selected diatomic molecules are derived and systematically examined with respect to variations in physical parameters. The results demonstrate that magnetic field strength and temperature exert the most significant influence on thermodynamic behaviour. Specifically, the free energy exhibits exponential growth with respect to the temperature function β and the internal energy decreases further under stronger magnetic fields. In terms of optical response, enhancements in magnetic field strength and optical intensity lead to noticeable shifts in the absorption coefficient and refractive index. A comparison with existing literature confirms the consistency and validity of the present findings.