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<p>In neutrino physics, the rule applies that the sum of the oscillation probabilities for a given neutrino in any flavor is always equal to unity. The wavelengths of these neutrino oscillations are real physical quantities, which are measured in detectors, and depend on the neutrino energy, the distance it travels, and the presence of matter in the space through which it propagates. Immediately before the decay of hadrons by the weak interaction as a process of decay of their constituent quarks, we introduced the assumption that they oscillate, and we applied the rule of the sum of the probabilities of quark oscillations to these oscillations. However, using that rule and applying Wolfenstein parameterizations in different bases, we derived equations in which the delta angle appears as an unknown physical quantity. This allowed us to determine the possible quantum jump between the measured delta angles in the unitarity triangle, which we used to design the complete internal structure of the delta angle. It was shown that the same value of the quantum jump, which is defined by the mathematical model, is also valid for the structure of the experimentally measured quantity, which is published as the World Average Value for the delta angle in the unitarity triangle. Due to this fact, it could be considered that the introduced quantum jump may represent a new physical quantity. By applying the above-mentioned rule, another nuclear decay channel was discovered, which is represented with the elements of the mixing matrices in the Wolfenstein parameterizations. This opened the way, in addition to the classical definition for the CP violation phase over the unitarity triangle, to have another definition for the CP violation phase over this channel. A limit value has been calculated for the wavelength of quark oscillation before their flavor changes under the influence of the weak interaction, which is simultaneously a measure of the stability of the proton and a measure of the instability of the free neutron and its decay, and as such could be declared as the diameter of the spatial dimension of the proton.</p>

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The Rule for the Sum of Probabilities of Quark Oscillations before the Transformation of the Quark Flavors by the Weak Interaction Occurs

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Zoran B. Todorovic

摘要

In neutrino physics, the rule applies that the sum of the oscillation probabilities for a given neutrino in any flavor is always equal to unity. The wavelengths of these neutrino oscillations are real physical quantities, which are measured in detectors, and depend on the neutrino energy, the distance it travels, and the presence of matter in the space through which it propagates. Immediately before the decay of hadrons by the weak interaction as a process of decay of their constituent quarks, we introduced the assumption that they oscillate, and we applied the rule of the sum of the probabilities of quark oscillations to these oscillations. However, using that rule and applying Wolfenstein parameterizations in different bases, we derived equations in which the delta angle appears as an unknown physical quantity. This allowed us to determine the possible quantum jump between the measured delta angles in the unitarity triangle, which we used to design the complete internal structure of the delta angle. It was shown that the same value of the quantum jump, which is defined by the mathematical model, is also valid for the structure of the experimentally measured quantity, which is published as the World Average Value for the delta angle in the unitarity triangle. Due to this fact, it could be considered that the introduced quantum jump may represent a new physical quantity. By applying the above-mentioned rule, another nuclear decay channel was discovered, which is represented with the elements of the mixing matrices in the Wolfenstein parameterizations. This opened the way, in addition to the classical definition for the CP violation phase over the unitarity triangle, to have another definition for the CP violation phase over this channel. A limit value has been calculated for the wavelength of quark oscillation before their flavor changes under the influence of the weak interaction, which is simultaneously a measure of the stability of the proton and a measure of the instability of the free neutron and its decay, and as such could be declared as the diameter of the spatial dimension of the proton.