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<p>Recently, Padmanabhan has argued that a difference between the number of degrees of freedom on the surface and the number in a bulk causes the expansion of the universe. We can reconsider this idea in a BIon system. A Bion is formed from two branes that are connected by a wormhole. Our universe may live on one of these branes. Each brane could be formed from joining lower-dimensional branes like <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(D_1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> ones. By joining <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(D_1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> branes, a <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(D_n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> brane is formed, and some amounts of energy are released. Then, maybe some dimensions are compacted, and some other amount of energy is released. These energies cause a significant difference between the number of degrees of freedom on the surface and in the bulk of branes. This causes the evolution of the universe and many changes in thermodynamic parameters like the entropy and cosmic parameters like the Hubble constant. We obtain the standard form of the Hubble parameter and its dependency on redshift in a Bion system.</p>

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Constructing the Padmanabhan Holographic Model in a BIonic System

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月22日

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  • Alireza Sepehri,
  • Muhammad Al-Zafar Khan

摘要

Recently, Padmanabhan has argued that a difference between the number of degrees of freedom on the surface and the number in a bulk causes the expansion of the universe. We can reconsider this idea in a BIon system. A Bion is formed from two branes that are connected by a wormhole. Our universe may live on one of these branes. Each brane could be formed from joining lower-dimensional branes like \(D_1\) D 1 ones. By joining \(D_1\) D 1 branes, a \(D_n\) D n brane is formed, and some amounts of energy are released. Then, maybe some dimensions are compacted, and some other amount of energy is released. These energies cause a significant difference between the number of degrees of freedom on the surface and in the bulk of branes. This causes the evolution of the universe and many changes in thermodynamic parameters like the entropy and cosmic parameters like the Hubble constant. We obtain the standard form of the Hubble parameter and its dependency on redshift in a Bion system.