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<p>Historic buildings embody cultural continuity, yet they are facing mounting challenges under climate change because of poor thermophysical performance and strict preservation constraints. Those constructed before modern insulation standards experience high thermal transmittance (U-values), significant heat loss, air infiltration, and inefficient operation, with their architectural values limited by conventional retrofit measures. The projected climatic shifts, consisting of declining heating energy consumption and intensifying cooling energy consumption, require retrofitting strategies that balance thermophysical performance, energy efficiency, embodied carbon, and conservation priorities. This study investigates a protected early twentieth century heritage building, combining on-site monitoring, calibrated dynamic simulation, and representative concentration pathways (RCPs) to assess its long-term performance. Conservation priorities were quantified using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP), while environmental performance was assessed based on global warming potential (GWP), integrating 30-year operational carbon and cradle-to-gate embodied emissions. The high-performance insulation of walls and roofs achieved the largest reduction in heating demand, whereas glazing reinforcement most effectively reduced the thermophysical heat gain driving the rising cooling energy consumption. However, excessive embodied emissions from full-glazing replacements offset operational gains, underscoring the necessity to align conservation-compatible interventions with carbon performance. The limitations of single-dimensional retrofit approaches necessitate an integrative, multi-criteria framework that concurrently evaluates thermophysical characterization operational carbon, embodied emissions, and cultural heritage significance. This framework offers a more robust and sustainable basis for decision-making in heritage building retrofits within a rapidly evolving climatic and regulatory landscape. Moreover, its flexible structure enables adaptation to other historic typologies and climate zones, supporting broader applications in urban regeneration and climate-responsive heritage conservation policy.</p>

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Multi-criteria Climate-Adaptive Retrofit for a Historic Building: Integrating Conservation Priorities with Carbon Performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • Hyeonseong Yuk,
  • Sumin Kim

摘要

Historic buildings embody cultural continuity, yet they are facing mounting challenges under climate change because of poor thermophysical performance and strict preservation constraints. Those constructed before modern insulation standards experience high thermal transmittance (U-values), significant heat loss, air infiltration, and inefficient operation, with their architectural values limited by conventional retrofit measures. The projected climatic shifts, consisting of declining heating energy consumption and intensifying cooling energy consumption, require retrofitting strategies that balance thermophysical performance, energy efficiency, embodied carbon, and conservation priorities. This study investigates a protected early twentieth century heritage building, combining on-site monitoring, calibrated dynamic simulation, and representative concentration pathways (RCPs) to assess its long-term performance. Conservation priorities were quantified using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP), while environmental performance was assessed based on global warming potential (GWP), integrating 30-year operational carbon and cradle-to-gate embodied emissions. The high-performance insulation of walls and roofs achieved the largest reduction in heating demand, whereas glazing reinforcement most effectively reduced the thermophysical heat gain driving the rising cooling energy consumption. However, excessive embodied emissions from full-glazing replacements offset operational gains, underscoring the necessity to align conservation-compatible interventions with carbon performance. The limitations of single-dimensional retrofit approaches necessitate an integrative, multi-criteria framework that concurrently evaluates thermophysical characterization operational carbon, embodied emissions, and cultural heritage significance. This framework offers a more robust and sustainable basis for decision-making in heritage building retrofits within a rapidly evolving climatic and regulatory landscape. Moreover, its flexible structure enables adaptation to other historic typologies and climate zones, supporting broader applications in urban regeneration and climate-responsive heritage conservation policy.