<p>Thermal conductivity is a critical thermal property of coal, governing the efficiency and safety of its conversion processes. This paper presents a systematic review of the methodologies for determining coal thermal conductivity, the mechanisms of multiple influencing factors, and advances in simulation and prediction. Currently, the absence of standardized measurement protocols leads to significant variations in methods, equipment, and sample preparation across studies. Based on the principles of steady-state and transient heat transfer, this work categorizes and compares six mainstream measurement techniques, highlighting their respective applicability and limitations. The selection of an appropriate method must balance measurement accuracy, operational efficiency, and the specific characteristics of the coal material. Through a detailed analysis of the complex interplay between intrinsic coal parameters and extrinsic factors, it is elucidated that the thermal behavior of coal stems from the coupled competition between microstructural evolution and macro-environmental conditions. Furthermore, empirical and theoretical predictive models derived from experimental data are summarized, and the capability of numerical simulation techniques to reveal multi-scale heat transfer mechanisms is examined. This review addresses a notable gap in the field and offers practical guidance for selecting accurate and suitable measurement approaches for diverse coal types.</p>