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<p>Evaluating risk factors of infections in primates is essential to understand infection dynamics and predict epizootic threats at the human-primate interfaces. In Bali, Indonesia, long-tailed macaques (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>) frequently interact with humans in touristic areas, living sometimes in high demographic density, which may increase exposure to or alter transmission dynamics of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites. This study investigates risk factors of infection in macaques, specifically how their social network centrality, individual traits, and human-macaque interactions influence GI parasite infections in synanthropic macaques. Over two years (2022–2023), we opportunistically collected 142 fecal samples from 53 macaques in the Ubud Monkey Forest, and we analyzed GI parasites using direct smear and flotation techniques. We recorded behavioral data, including macaque grooming interactions and human-macaque contacts, through focal sampling and integrated the former into social network analysis. Generalized linear mixed models assessed the effects of social centrality, synanthropic nature, and host characteristics of the macaques on their infection risk. We found GI parasites in 75% of the samples and we identified six GI parasite taxa: <i>Entamoeba </i>spp<i>., Iodamoeba </i>spp<i>., Balantioides</i>-like ciliate<i>, Strongyloides </i>spp<i>., Trichuris </i>spp., and <i>Strongylida</i> (fam. gen. indet). Individuals central in the grooming network had fewer parasite species, suggesting a potential social buffering effect. Human-macaque contacts positively influenced the presence of <i>Iodamoeba </i>spp<i>.</i> and showed a positive trend in influencing GI parasite richness. These findings highlight that infection dynamics in primates result from complex interactions between social, anthropogenic, and biological factors.</p>

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Risk Factors Associated with Gastrointestinal Parasite Infections in Urban Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis): The Role of Network Centrality and Synanthropy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月23日

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  • Laurie Patouillat,
  • Gauthier Raway,
  • Justine Rousseaux,
  • Gwennan Giraud,
  • Nengah Wandia,
  • Wayan Artama,
  • Sena Adi Subrata,
  • Mutien-Marie Garigliany,
  • Fany Brotcorne

摘要

Evaluating risk factors of infections in primates is essential to understand infection dynamics and predict epizootic threats at the human-primate interfaces. In Bali, Indonesia, long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) frequently interact with humans in touristic areas, living sometimes in high demographic density, which may increase exposure to or alter transmission dynamics of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites. This study investigates risk factors of infection in macaques, specifically how their social network centrality, individual traits, and human-macaque interactions influence GI parasite infections in synanthropic macaques. Over two years (2022–2023), we opportunistically collected 142 fecal samples from 53 macaques in the Ubud Monkey Forest, and we analyzed GI parasites using direct smear and flotation techniques. We recorded behavioral data, including macaque grooming interactions and human-macaque contacts, through focal sampling and integrated the former into social network analysis. Generalized linear mixed models assessed the effects of social centrality, synanthropic nature, and host characteristics of the macaques on their infection risk. We found GI parasites in 75% of the samples and we identified six GI parasite taxa: Entamoeba spp., Iodamoeba spp., Balantioides-like ciliate, Strongyloides spp., Trichuris spp., and Strongylida (fam. gen. indet). Individuals central in the grooming network had fewer parasite species, suggesting a potential social buffering effect. Human-macaque contacts positively influenced the presence of Iodamoeba spp. and showed a positive trend in influencing GI parasite richness. These findings highlight that infection dynamics in primates result from complex interactions between social, anthropogenic, and biological factors.