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<p>Thermal comfort in air-conditioned buses is challenging because conventional vent designs often result in non-uniform airflow distribution. In the present study, the effect of five different vent configurations on cabin airflow and temperature distribution was investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). A three-dimensional model of a HEULIEZ GX 337 bus, incorporating passenger metabolic heat generation and solar radiation under realistic operating conditions, was developed and simulated. The five ventilation cases were evaluated by varying the vent size, vent count, airflow direction, and outlet configuration. Configurations with a few large, upward-directed vents produced higher airflow velocities (up to 16&#xa0;m/s), resulting in strong recirculation zones and increased thermal stratification within the cabin. In contrast, distributing airflow through multiple outlets improved airflow uniformity and reduced thermal stratification. Among the five vent configurations investigated, the Large Vent Configuration with Multiple Outlets demonstrated the best overall performance, providing the most uniform airflow distribution with velocities ranging from 2.0 to 3.8&#xa0;m/s and maintaining cabin temperatures between 23.2&#xa0;°C and 26.3&#xa0;°C, thereby minimizing localized hot spots and improving passenger thermal comfort. The results demonstrate a strong relationship between vent geometry, airflow uniformity, and passenger thermal comfort. This study provides practical, quantitative guidance for HVAC engineers designing public transport systems in hot climates, supporting passenger-focused ventilation strategies with the potential to improve HVAC energy efficiency in urban bus fleets.</p>

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CFD analysis of heat and flow in coach bus with different vents: the effect of size and position

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Kudu Suhas Aditya,
  • Anala Viswaditya,
  • Pradeep S. Jakkareddy,
  • Shashi Kumar M.E.

摘要

Thermal comfort in air-conditioned buses is challenging because conventional vent designs often result in non-uniform airflow distribution. In the present study, the effect of five different vent configurations on cabin airflow and temperature distribution was investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). A three-dimensional model of a HEULIEZ GX 337 bus, incorporating passenger metabolic heat generation and solar radiation under realistic operating conditions, was developed and simulated. The five ventilation cases were evaluated by varying the vent size, vent count, airflow direction, and outlet configuration. Configurations with a few large, upward-directed vents produced higher airflow velocities (up to 16 m/s), resulting in strong recirculation zones and increased thermal stratification within the cabin. In contrast, distributing airflow through multiple outlets improved airflow uniformity and reduced thermal stratification. Among the five vent configurations investigated, the Large Vent Configuration with Multiple Outlets demonstrated the best overall performance, providing the most uniform airflow distribution with velocities ranging from 2.0 to 3.8 m/s and maintaining cabin temperatures between 23.2 °C and 26.3 °C, thereby minimizing localized hot spots and improving passenger thermal comfort. The results demonstrate a strong relationship between vent geometry, airflow uniformity, and passenger thermal comfort. This study provides practical, quantitative guidance for HVAC engineers designing public transport systems in hot climates, supporting passenger-focused ventilation strategies with the potential to improve HVAC energy efficiency in urban bus fleets.