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<p>The rapid expansion of electric powertrain in automobiles has intensified the demand for lithium-ion batteries, making their environmental assessment of increasingly important. This study presents a cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) comparing two commercially dominant chemistries —<i>Nickel Manganese Cobalt</i> (NMC) and <i>Lithium Iron Phosphate</i> (LFP) — using a functional unit of 1 kWh of battery capacity. Modelling was performed in OpenLCA using the <i>IPCC 2013 GWP100a</i> characterisation method, with inventory data sourced from the <i>ecoinvent</i> database and peer-reviewed literature. Results show that NMC has 16% higher carbon footprint than LFP. The NMC cathode’s reliance on energy-intensive nickel and cobalt processing is identified as the primary driver of its higher impact. These findings highlight the environmental advantage of LFP in large-scale stationary and vehicular applications and underscore the significance of decarbonising manufacturing energy supply.</p>

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Cradle to gate life cycle assessment of NMC and LFP batteries for electric vehicle applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Jeyanthi S,
  • Kirupan S

摘要

The rapid expansion of electric powertrain in automobiles has intensified the demand for lithium-ion batteries, making their environmental assessment of increasingly important. This study presents a cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) comparing two commercially dominant chemistries —Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) and Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) — using a functional unit of 1 kWh of battery capacity. Modelling was performed in OpenLCA using the IPCC 2013 GWP100a characterisation method, with inventory data sourced from the ecoinvent database and peer-reviewed literature. Results show that NMC has 16% higher carbon footprint than LFP. The NMC cathode’s reliance on energy-intensive nickel and cobalt processing is identified as the primary driver of its higher impact. These findings highlight the environmental advantage of LFP in large-scale stationary and vehicular applications and underscore the significance of decarbonising manufacturing energy supply.