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<p>This study introduces green carbon fibers (GCF), a novel adsorbent material made from banana pseudostem for the purpose of environmentally friendly wastewater treatment. GCF effectively removes lead (Pb2+) from water by virtue of its high porosity, thermal stability, and surface activity. Distilled from agricultural byproducts, this material stands out from the ordinary activated carbons because to its ability to retain the original fiber shape and hierarchical pore patterns. The experimental conditions included a pH of 5.5, temperatures between 15 and 45℃, lead ion concentrations of 60 and 100&#xa0;mg/L, and adsorbent doses ranging from 30 to 70&#xa0;mg. Zeta potential studies, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and zeta potential all confirmed that the GCF structure was quite porous and that the surface chemistry was rather beneficial. With maximum capacity of 79.62&#xa0;mg/g, adsorption kinetics pursued a pseudo-second-order (PSO) model, indicating chemisorption (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.993). Due to heterogeneous multilayer adsorption, the Freundlich isotherm model yielded a R² value of 0.9343. With an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.9676 and an MSE of 54.981, the MLP Regressor outperformed all other machine learning models, demonstrating that adsorbent weight is the most important factor, whereas the RSM model showed strong prediction reliability with a Reduced 2FI model. These results demonstrate that it is possible to convert agricultural waste into effective adsorbents, which would be a green and cost-effective way to remove heavy metals from wastewater.</p>

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Hierarchical green carbon fibers from banana pseudostem for efficient Pb²⁺ adsorption: Kinetics, isotherms, and machine learning prediction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月30日

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  • Aman Kumar,
  • S. Nithya Poornima,
  • R. Subbulakshmi,
  • M. Selvaraju,
  • Raj Kumar G,
  • C. Jayabalan

摘要

This study introduces green carbon fibers (GCF), a novel adsorbent material made from banana pseudostem for the purpose of environmentally friendly wastewater treatment. GCF effectively removes lead (Pb2+) from water by virtue of its high porosity, thermal stability, and surface activity. Distilled from agricultural byproducts, this material stands out from the ordinary activated carbons because to its ability to retain the original fiber shape and hierarchical pore patterns. The experimental conditions included a pH of 5.5, temperatures between 15 and 45℃, lead ion concentrations of 60 and 100 mg/L, and adsorbent doses ranging from 30 to 70 mg. Zeta potential studies, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and zeta potential all confirmed that the GCF structure was quite porous and that the surface chemistry was rather beneficial. With maximum capacity of 79.62 mg/g, adsorption kinetics pursued a pseudo-second-order (PSO) model, indicating chemisorption (R2 = 0.993). Due to heterogeneous multilayer adsorption, the Freundlich isotherm model yielded a R² value of 0.9343. With an R2 of 0.9676 and an MSE of 54.981, the MLP Regressor outperformed all other machine learning models, demonstrating that adsorbent weight is the most important factor, whereas the RSM model showed strong prediction reliability with a Reduced 2FI model. These results demonstrate that it is possible to convert agricultural waste into effective adsorbents, which would be a green and cost-effective way to remove heavy metals from wastewater.