<p>A complete photovoltaic technology is presented in this paper. The analysis focuses on the efficiency effect of each of these technologies. Despite the fact that several assessments have investigated ways to improve efficiency and scalability in specific technologies, there has not been a holistic comparison of these evolving systems. Through the provision of well-organized insights into their accomplishments and the difficulties associated with commercialization, this book helps to bridge that gap. In the context of perovskite solar cells, review highlights tremendous efficiency advances that have been made possible to improve the lab-scale and scalable production processes encapsulated methodologies. Additionally, the analysis takes a critical look at persistent hurdles like instability and lead-toxicity. The thin film photovoltaics comprehensive comparison of α-Si, CdTe, CIGS, and CZTS/CZTSSe is presented, with a particular focus on their maturity, efficiency trends, and limits that are specific to the types of materials involved. CIGS, on the other hand, emerges as the main contender for thin films, while Kesterite compounds emerge as alternatives that are sustainable. Tandem solar cells are enriched because of its large surpass Shockley-Queisser band gap limit. Additionally, major issues including current matching and optical management are also addressed.</p>