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<p>In this study, ZrO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were prepared using the solution combustion method with lemon juice as a natural fuel. The nanoparticles were then analyzed using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDS techniques. The catalytic performance of the ZrO<sub>2</sub> will be examined in Knoevenagel condensation reactions with a variety of aromatic aldehydes and active methylene compounds, including malononitrile, under environmentally favourable conditions. The alkene derivatives were produced in high to excellent yields (82–96%) over 2–7&#xa0;min in the presence of 10&#xa0;mg ZrO<sub>2</sub> at room temperature in 5 mL of ethanol as the environmentally friendly solvent. Furthermore, alkene compounds have been precisely determined and confirmed by <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy. These methods have various advantages, including benign reaction conditions, short reaction periods, simple implementation, and the production of high yields. Furthermore, the catalyst was employed six times without exhibiting any evident decrease in catalytic activity.</p>

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ZrO2 as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 2-benzylidene malononitrile derivatives via Knoevenagel condensation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月23日

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  • Asmita A. Ingale,
  • Raju P. Kagne,
  • Vishvanath B. Ghanwat,
  • Ankush M. Sargar

摘要

In this study, ZrO2 nanoparticles were prepared using the solution combustion method with lemon juice as a natural fuel. The nanoparticles were then analyzed using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDS techniques. The catalytic performance of the ZrO2 will be examined in Knoevenagel condensation reactions with a variety of aromatic aldehydes and active methylene compounds, including malononitrile, under environmentally favourable conditions. The alkene derivatives were produced in high to excellent yields (82–96%) over 2–7 min in the presence of 10 mg ZrO2 at room temperature in 5 mL of ethanol as the environmentally friendly solvent. Furthermore, alkene compounds have been precisely determined and confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. These methods have various advantages, including benign reaction conditions, short reaction periods, simple implementation, and the production of high yields. Furthermore, the catalyst was employed six times without exhibiting any evident decrease in catalytic activity.