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<p>Inland salt lakes in East Asia are extreme, fragmented ecosystems shaped by neotectonics and Quaternary climatic oscillations. <i>Artemia sinica</i>, broadly distributed across northern China, provides a model for studying evolution in hypersaline habitats. Although previous mitochondrial study suggests regional genetic differentiation, its genome-wide evolutionary history and distribution dynamics remain unclear. Here, we integrated CO1 and SLAF-seq data from seven populations across northern China with Maxent to reassess phylogeography and evaluate the effect of gene flow. Phylogenetic and population structure analyses revealed an ancient vicariance during the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene separating the North China Plain lineage from arid inland lineages, which further subdivided across basin, desert, and plateau landscapes. Maxent modeling identified suitable habitats during Last Glacial Maximum in the North China Plain and Ordos Basin, consistent with our demographic modeling and gene flow analyses, attributing the mito-nuclear discordance in the Ordos Basin to secondary contact during the Middle Pleistocene with mitochondrial introgression from the North China Plain. We also detected moderate recent genetic exchange among regions, likely mediated by bird or human activities. Our results highlight how historical vicariance, secondary contact driven by habitat dynamics, and contemporary dispersal jointly shape aquatic&#xa0;invertebrate biodiversity across arid East Asia.</p>

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Genomic and ecological evidence reveal historical vicariance, secondary contact, and recent dispersal in Artemia sinica from Northern China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Huizhong Pang,
  • Zhenrui Peng,
  • Kaixuan Zheng,
  • Jie Kou,
  • Siqin Liu,
  • Xingyong Zhu,
  • Jiaheng Li,
  • Ye Wang,
  • Yulong Zhang,
  • Daochuan Zhang

摘要

Inland salt lakes in East Asia are extreme, fragmented ecosystems shaped by neotectonics and Quaternary climatic oscillations. Artemia sinica, broadly distributed across northern China, provides a model for studying evolution in hypersaline habitats. Although previous mitochondrial study suggests regional genetic differentiation, its genome-wide evolutionary history and distribution dynamics remain unclear. Here, we integrated CO1 and SLAF-seq data from seven populations across northern China with Maxent to reassess phylogeography and evaluate the effect of gene flow. Phylogenetic and population structure analyses revealed an ancient vicariance during the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene separating the North China Plain lineage from arid inland lineages, which further subdivided across basin, desert, and plateau landscapes. Maxent modeling identified suitable habitats during Last Glacial Maximum in the North China Plain and Ordos Basin, consistent with our demographic modeling and gene flow analyses, attributing the mito-nuclear discordance in the Ordos Basin to secondary contact during the Middle Pleistocene with mitochondrial introgression from the North China Plain. We also detected moderate recent genetic exchange among regions, likely mediated by bird or human activities. Our results highlight how historical vicariance, secondary contact driven by habitat dynamics, and contemporary dispersal jointly shape aquatic invertebrate biodiversity across arid East Asia.