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<p>Menyanthaceae is the only fully aquatic family within Asterales, providing a unique system for exploring how flowering plants adapt to aquatic environments. Here, we report the complete mitogenome of the floating-leaved macrophyte <i>Nymphoides peltata</i> and conduct comparative analyses across Asterales to investigate structural organization, repeat composition, plastid-to-mitochondrion DNA transfers (MTPTs), RNA editing, and evolutionary patterns. The <i>N. peltata</i> mitogenome (336,888&#xa0;bp) contains a conserved set of 59 genes but exhibits abundant dispersed repeats and 24 MTPTs, indicating active recombination and inter-organellar sequence exchange. We identified 543 high-confidence C-to-U RNA editing sites, with <i>ccmB</i> and <i>nad7</i> showing the highest editing frequencies. Both <i>ccmB</i> and <i>atp4</i> showed signatures of positive selection, suggesting potential functional adjustments in the mitochondrial electron transport chain under aquatic hypoxia. Comparative collinearity analyses revealed extensive, lineage-specific rearrangements, whereas phylogenetic trees reconstructed from mitochondrial and plastid protein-coding genes were largely congruent with the APG IV system, aside from minor conflicts within Asteraceae that may reflect hybridization or substitution rate heterogeneity. Overall, our findings highlight the dynamic evolution of the <i>N. peltata</i> mitogenome and suggest that RNA editing, positive selection, and plastid-derived gene transfers have facilitated organellar adaptation to aquatic environments. This study enriches organellar genomic resources for aquatic angiosperms and underscores the ecological and evolutionary significance of <i>Nymphoides</i> as a model for understanding plant adaptation to aquatic lifestyles in Asterales.</p>

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Mitogenome assembly of the floating-leaved aquatic plant Nymphoides peltata provides insights into organellar evolution and aquatic adaptation in Asterales

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月19日

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  • Rui Dong,
  • Meng-Na Yu,
  • Lei Zhang,
  • Si-Hao Wang,
  • Xi-Ran Tong,
  • Zhi-Zhong Li

摘要

Menyanthaceae is the only fully aquatic family within Asterales, providing a unique system for exploring how flowering plants adapt to aquatic environments. Here, we report the complete mitogenome of the floating-leaved macrophyte Nymphoides peltata and conduct comparative analyses across Asterales to investigate structural organization, repeat composition, plastid-to-mitochondrion DNA transfers (MTPTs), RNA editing, and evolutionary patterns. The N. peltata mitogenome (336,888 bp) contains a conserved set of 59 genes but exhibits abundant dispersed repeats and 24 MTPTs, indicating active recombination and inter-organellar sequence exchange. We identified 543 high-confidence C-to-U RNA editing sites, with ccmB and nad7 showing the highest editing frequencies. Both ccmB and atp4 showed signatures of positive selection, suggesting potential functional adjustments in the mitochondrial electron transport chain under aquatic hypoxia. Comparative collinearity analyses revealed extensive, lineage-specific rearrangements, whereas phylogenetic trees reconstructed from mitochondrial and plastid protein-coding genes were largely congruent with the APG IV system, aside from minor conflicts within Asteraceae that may reflect hybridization or substitution rate heterogeneity. Overall, our findings highlight the dynamic evolution of the N. peltata mitogenome and suggest that RNA editing, positive selection, and plastid-derived gene transfers have facilitated organellar adaptation to aquatic environments. This study enriches organellar genomic resources for aquatic angiosperms and underscores the ecological and evolutionary significance of Nymphoides as a model for understanding plant adaptation to aquatic lifestyles in Asterales.