<p>The Chinese sleeper is one of the fastest-spreading invasive fish species in Eurasia. The species’ effects on native biota are largely adverse through competition and direct predation. In this study, we systematically reviewed 240 scientific publications to synthesize current knowledge on the Chinese sleeper’s morphology, invasion history, life-history attributes, habitat use, feeding habits, parasites and genetics. Our review revealed high variability in the diet, growth, and other life-history attributes, which may largely determine the invasion success of the species. We concluded the colonization of Chinese sleeper is expected to lead to declines in native species richness and abundance, particularly in small and vulnerable aquatic habitats. These habitats frequently serve as refuges for rare and protected fish species, including the European mudminnow, whose long-term persistence is uncertain due to the continued spread of Chinese sleeper. We identified significant knowledge gaps regarding the biology and potential impacts of Chinese sleeper. We emphasize the urgent need for stricter policy regulations to prevent further introductions and manage established populations. Additionally, we highlight the importance of more intensive monitoring programs and the adoption of modern, universal detection methods—such as environmental DNA—to facilitate early detection and improve management effectiveness of the Chinese sleeper.</p>