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<p>Flower senescence, a form of programmed cell death (PCD) is orchestrated by a complex crosstalk among plant growth regulators (PGRs). In ethylene-sensitive flowers, this process is primarily driven by ethylene, whereas in ethylene-insensitive species, increased abscisic acid (ABA) levels may trigger senescence. The present investigation elucidates the physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of flower senescence in <i>Calendula officinalis</i> of Asteraceae. Our results demonstrated that senescence in <i>C. officinalis</i> was marked by significant changes in the surface architecture of petal tissues, changing from firmly intertwined ridges and grooves at the bud phase to a compressed surface devoid of intricate patterns in the senescent phase. Biochemically, the senescence was characterized by a significant decrease in the antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), in conjunction with a significant increase in lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and specific protease activity (SPA). Additionally, the petal senescence was associated with a substantial reduction in membrane stability index (MSI), soluble proteins, total sugars, and total phenols. Concurrently, the relative expression of the ABA biosynthetic gene <i>AAO3 (Abscisic Aldehyde Oxidase 3)</i> was significantly upregulated, while that of the cytokinin biosynthetic gene <i>IPT3 (Isopentenyl Transferase 3)</i> and <i>DAD1 (Defender against Death 1)</i> exhibited a sharp decline at the onset of flower senescence. Interestingly, the expression levels of ethylene-related genes such as <i>ETR1 (Ethylene Response 1)</i> and <i>ACO (1-Amino Cyclopropane-1-Carboxylic acid Oxidase</i>) remained relatively stable throughout the flower development and senescence. In contrast, <i>SAG12 (Senescence-Associated Gene 12)</i> and <i>LOX1 (Lipoxygenase 1)</i> showed significant upregulation as the flowers transitioned from the fully open stage to the senescent stage.</p>

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Insights into the biochemical and molecular aspects of flower senescence in Calendula officinalis L.

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月31日

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  • Mohammad Lateef Lone,
  • Foziya Altaf,
  • Wajahat Waseem Tantray,
  • Sumira Farooq,
  • Aehsan ul Haq,
  • Shazia Parveen,
  • Inayatullah Tahir

摘要

Flower senescence, a form of programmed cell death (PCD) is orchestrated by a complex crosstalk among plant growth regulators (PGRs). In ethylene-sensitive flowers, this process is primarily driven by ethylene, whereas in ethylene-insensitive species, increased abscisic acid (ABA) levels may trigger senescence. The present investigation elucidates the physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of flower senescence in Calendula officinalis of Asteraceae. Our results demonstrated that senescence in C. officinalis was marked by significant changes in the surface architecture of petal tissues, changing from firmly intertwined ridges and grooves at the bud phase to a compressed surface devoid of intricate patterns in the senescent phase. Biochemically, the senescence was characterized by a significant decrease in the antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), in conjunction with a significant increase in lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and specific protease activity (SPA). Additionally, the petal senescence was associated with a substantial reduction in membrane stability index (MSI), soluble proteins, total sugars, and total phenols. Concurrently, the relative expression of the ABA biosynthetic gene AAO3 (Abscisic Aldehyde Oxidase 3) was significantly upregulated, while that of the cytokinin biosynthetic gene IPT3 (Isopentenyl Transferase 3) and DAD1 (Defender against Death 1) exhibited a sharp decline at the onset of flower senescence. Interestingly, the expression levels of ethylene-related genes such as ETR1 (Ethylene Response 1) and ACO (1-Amino Cyclopropane-1-Carboxylic acid Oxidase) remained relatively stable throughout the flower development and senescence. In contrast, SAG12 (Senescence-Associated Gene 12) and LOX1 (Lipoxygenase 1) showed significant upregulation as the flowers transitioned from the fully open stage to the senescent stage.