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<p>Hulless barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L. var. <i>nudum</i> Hook. f.) is the major staple crop on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and represents an important genetic resource for studying crop diversity and mitochondrial genome evolution in barley. In this study, we assembled and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of the hulless barley variety Xila 22 using short-read and long-read sequencing data. The mitochondrial genome was reconstructed as a circular-mapping molecule of 525,599&#xa0;bp and was annotated with 36 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 31 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 8 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and 1 pseudogene. The genome exhibits substantial structural complexity, including abundant simple sequence repeats, tandem repeats, dispersed repeats, and multiple chloroplast-derived homologous fragments. In addition, 348 unique high-confidence predicted RNA editing sites were identified, with most of them occurring in genes involved in the respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Synonymous codon usage analysis revealed a preference for codons ending in A/T. Comparative analyses further showed that most mitochondrial PCGs are subject to strong purifying selection, whereas a small subset of genes exhibits heterogeneous evolutionary rates among closely related Triticeae taxa, suggesting potential differentiation within barley germplasm. Together, these results expand genomic resources for hulless barley and provide insights into its evolutionary dynamics and genetic diversity, and provide a valuable resource for future research of barley mitochondrial genome evolution and genetic diversity.</p>

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Comparative mitochondrial genome analysis of hulless barley reveals structural and evolutionary features

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Chunxiang Li,
  • Lin Zhong,
  • Qingjiao Zhao,
  • Yangmei Zhou,
  • Xue Gao,
  • Yuanyuan Sun

摘要

Hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Hook. f.) is the major staple crop on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and represents an important genetic resource for studying crop diversity and mitochondrial genome evolution in barley. In this study, we assembled and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome of the hulless barley variety Xila 22 using short-read and long-read sequencing data. The mitochondrial genome was reconstructed as a circular-mapping molecule of 525,599 bp and was annotated with 36 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 31 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 8 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and 1 pseudogene. The genome exhibits substantial structural complexity, including abundant simple sequence repeats, tandem repeats, dispersed repeats, and multiple chloroplast-derived homologous fragments. In addition, 348 unique high-confidence predicted RNA editing sites were identified, with most of them occurring in genes involved in the respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Synonymous codon usage analysis revealed a preference for codons ending in A/T. Comparative analyses further showed that most mitochondrial PCGs are subject to strong purifying selection, whereas a small subset of genes exhibits heterogeneous evolutionary rates among closely related Triticeae taxa, suggesting potential differentiation within barley germplasm. Together, these results expand genomic resources for hulless barley and provide insights into its evolutionary dynamics and genetic diversity, and provide a valuable resource for future research of barley mitochondrial genome evolution and genetic diversity.