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<p>Assessing variation in leaf functional traits (LFTs) among citrus wild relatives provides insights for ecological differentiation, taxonomic characterization, and potential applications in crop improvement. This study evaluated nine citrus wild relatives from Aurantioideae subfamily cultivated under a tropical dry lowland climate at the Purwodadi Botanic Garden, East Java, Indonesia. Eight key LFTs were assessed, including leaf area (LA), chlorophyll content (CC), stomatal aperture (SA), stomatal density (SD), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf weight (SLW), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and leaf relative water content (LRWC). Significant interspecific differences were observed for all traits (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), with species distributed along an acquisitive–conservative spectrum of ecological strategies. Multivariate analyses identified two to three functional groups. <i>Aegle marmelos</i> and <i>Swinglea glutinosa</i> displayed high SLA and low LDMC and SLW, indicative of acquisitive, fast-growing strategies. In contrast, <i>Pleiospermium littorale</i>, <i>Luvunga sarmentosa, Paramignya trimera</i> and, <i>Murraya paniculata</i>, showed high LRWC, SLW, LDMC, and SD, reflecting conservative strategies, stress-tolerant adaptations. <i>Citrus aurantiifolia</i>, <i>Citrus maxima</i>, and <i>Glycosmis pentaphylla</i> exhibited intermediate trait values with high LA, CC, and SA, indicative of generalist strategies. Phylogenetic patterns were partially congruent with trait groupings, suggesting both evolutionary and ecological influences. Conservative species offer potential as stress-tolerant rootstocks, while acquisitive species are suited for enhancing vigor and efficiency through hybridization. Intermediate species may function as generalist rootstocks and bridging parents. These findings highlight the functional diversity of citrus wild relatives and their potential value for climate-resilient citrus breeding.</p>

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Leaf functional traits of citrus wild relatives (Aurantioideae, Rutaceae) in a tropical dry lowland: ecological strategies, phylogenetic signals, and breeding potentials

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月23日

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  • Muhammad Fahmi,
  • Trimanto Trimanto,
  • Intan Ayu Pratiwi,
  • Lia Hapsari

摘要

Assessing variation in leaf functional traits (LFTs) among citrus wild relatives provides insights for ecological differentiation, taxonomic characterization, and potential applications in crop improvement. This study evaluated nine citrus wild relatives from Aurantioideae subfamily cultivated under a tropical dry lowland climate at the Purwodadi Botanic Garden, East Java, Indonesia. Eight key LFTs were assessed, including leaf area (LA), chlorophyll content (CC), stomatal aperture (SA), stomatal density (SD), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf weight (SLW), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and leaf relative water content (LRWC). Significant interspecific differences were observed for all traits (P < 0.05), with species distributed along an acquisitive–conservative spectrum of ecological strategies. Multivariate analyses identified two to three functional groups. Aegle marmelos and Swinglea glutinosa displayed high SLA and low LDMC and SLW, indicative of acquisitive, fast-growing strategies. In contrast, Pleiospermium littorale, Luvunga sarmentosa, Paramignya trimera and, Murraya paniculata, showed high LRWC, SLW, LDMC, and SD, reflecting conservative strategies, stress-tolerant adaptations. Citrus aurantiifolia, Citrus maxima, and Glycosmis pentaphylla exhibited intermediate trait values with high LA, CC, and SA, indicative of generalist strategies. Phylogenetic patterns were partially congruent with trait groupings, suggesting both evolutionary and ecological influences. Conservative species offer potential as stress-tolerant rootstocks, while acquisitive species are suited for enhancing vigor and efficiency through hybridization. Intermediate species may function as generalist rootstocks and bridging parents. These findings highlight the functional diversity of citrus wild relatives and their potential value for climate-resilient citrus breeding.