<p><i>Xanthosoma robustum</i> Schott (Araceae) is a large, starch-producing aroid native to Mexico and Central America. It is traditionally cultivated as a food and medicinal plant but remains poorly characterised. This literature review critically synthesises published data on the species’ taxonomy, morphology, phylogenetic relationships, distribution, ecology, reproductive biology, ethnobotany, and conservation. <i>Xanthosoma robustum</i> is morphologically distinct but frequently misidentified. Currently, no molecular phylogeny resolves its relationships or intraspecific diversity. Available evidence shows that the species is suitable for low-input tropical agroecosystems and that it is tolerant to biotic stress. The specialised cyclocephaline beetle–mediated pollination system involving pronounced floral thermogenesis, typical for neotropical aroids, is briefly outlined. Ex-situ germplasm representation and formal breeding efforts are minimal, and in-situ conservation relies largely on traditional agroecosystems. We identify key research priorities to support the sustainable use and the genetic preservation of this research-neglected crop species.</p>