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<p>This study aims to investigate the medicinal uses of <i>Trifolium pratense</i> L. and <i>T. repens</i> L., focusing on indigenous knowledge from Iran while incorporating the&#xa0;global perspectives. The genus <i>Trifolium</i> Tourn. ex. L. (Fabaceae) is widely dispersed across temperate and subtropical regions, valued for its&#xa0;medicinal properties and as livestock fodder. Despite its worldwide significance, indigenous medicinal and healing&#xa0;knowledge of <i>Trifolium</i> remains undisclosed in local Iranian communities. This study, conducted between 2021 and 2024, involved over 1000 interviews (face-to-face and electronic) primarily in Iran, supplemented by global contributions. Traditional uses of these species were also reviewed through diverse electronic databases spanning more than 70&#xa0;years. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices (Use-Value and Relative Frequency of Citation), chi-square tests, and chord diagrams were implemented to identify associations and patterns. The&#xa0;results highlight previously undocumented medicinal applications of these species, with leaves being the most utilized part, followed by flowers and stems. Informants, aged 16 to 95, included residents, researchers, traditional healers, and practitioners. Based on the informants’ information, various ailments were treated using <i>Trifolium</i> species. The&#xa0;quantitative ethnobotanical indices represented the species with higher values, while chi-square analysis and chord diagrams further identified within&#xa0;group associations. Given the increasing reliance on medicinal herbs for disease prevention and treatment, integrating indigenous knowledge with contemporary medical expertise is strongly suggested.</p>

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Ethnobotanical and pharmacological uses, along with phytochemical aspects, of Trifolium pratense and T. repens (Fabaceae): global and local perspectives in Iran

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月23日

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  • Atena Eslami-Farouji,
  • Maryam Haerinasab,
  • Rainer W. Bussmann,
  • Gonzalo R. Malca-Garcia

摘要

This study aims to investigate the medicinal uses of Trifolium pratense L. and T. repens L., focusing on indigenous knowledge from Iran while incorporating the global perspectives. The genus Trifolium Tourn. ex. L. (Fabaceae) is widely dispersed across temperate and subtropical regions, valued for its medicinal properties and as livestock fodder. Despite its worldwide significance, indigenous medicinal and healing knowledge of Trifolium remains undisclosed in local Iranian communities. This study, conducted between 2021 and 2024, involved over 1000 interviews (face-to-face and electronic) primarily in Iran, supplemented by global contributions. Traditional uses of these species were also reviewed through diverse electronic databases spanning more than 70 years. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices (Use-Value and Relative Frequency of Citation), chi-square tests, and chord diagrams were implemented to identify associations and patterns. The results highlight previously undocumented medicinal applications of these species, with leaves being the most utilized part, followed by flowers and stems. Informants, aged 16 to 95, included residents, researchers, traditional healers, and practitioners. Based on the informants’ information, various ailments were treated using Trifolium species. The quantitative ethnobotanical indices represented the species with higher values, while chi-square analysis and chord diagrams further identified within group associations. Given the increasing reliance on medicinal herbs for disease prevention and treatment, integrating indigenous knowledge with contemporary medical expertise is strongly suggested.