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<p>Gibberellin (GA) is a crucial plant hormone that regulates plant growth, development, and responses to environmental signals. Gibberellin oxidase (<i>GAox</i>) plays an indispensable role in the final stages of GA biosynthesis. The gibberellin oxidase gene family includes <i>ZmGA20ox</i>, <i>ZmGA3ox</i>, and <i>ZmGA2ox</i>, which regulate endogenous gibberellin levels during maize growth, influencing internode number and length, leading to phenotypic changes. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of 27 <i>ZmGAox</i> family members in maize. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that <i>GAox</i> genes across species can be divided into five subfamilies: <i>GA20ox</i>, <i>GA3ox</i>, <i>GAox</i>, <i>C19-GA2ox</i>, and <i>C20-GA2ox</i>. Further intraspecific phylogenetic analysis of the <i>ZmGAox</i> gene family revealed six main branches, each displaying significant functional and evolutionary differences. Notably, secondary structure analysis revealed that <i>ZmGAox</i> family members lack β-fold structures, which may affect their stability. Promoter analysis indicated the presence of light-responsive and hormone-responsive elements in <i>ZmGAox</i> genes, suggesting complex transcriptional regulation. Protein interaction network analysis identified <i>ZmGA20ox1-B</i>, <i>ZmGA3ox1</i>, and <i>ZmGA3ox2</i> as core nodes, potentially serving as key regulators in gibberellin metabolism. Ka/Ks analysis revealed that 63% of <i>ZmGA20ox</i> subfamily members are under positive selection pressure, indicating rapid evolutionary progression. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that <i>ZmGA20ox4</i> maintains high expression across multiple organs and developmental stages, while some genes, such as <i>ZmGA20ox2</i>, exhibit significant tissue specificity. This study provides novel insights into the functional differentiation and evolutionary mechanisms of the <i>ZmGAox</i> gene family, while also identifying potential candidate genes for maize molecular breeding.</p>

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Comprehensive analysis of ZmGAox gene family in maize (Zea mays L.) reveals novel structural features and evolutionary patterns under positive selection

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月2日

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  • Weijian Qi,
  • Jianzhong Chang,
  • Huahu Bu,
  • Jianhong Xiao,
  • Ning Zhang,
  • Zhiqiang Ren

摘要

Gibberellin (GA) is a crucial plant hormone that regulates plant growth, development, and responses to environmental signals. Gibberellin oxidase (GAox) plays an indispensable role in the final stages of GA biosynthesis. The gibberellin oxidase gene family includes ZmGA20ox, ZmGA3ox, and ZmGA2ox, which regulate endogenous gibberellin levels during maize growth, influencing internode number and length, leading to phenotypic changes. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of 27 ZmGAox family members in maize. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that GAox genes across species can be divided into five subfamilies: GA20ox, GA3ox, GAox, C19-GA2ox, and C20-GA2ox. Further intraspecific phylogenetic analysis of the ZmGAox gene family revealed six main branches, each displaying significant functional and evolutionary differences. Notably, secondary structure analysis revealed that ZmGAox family members lack β-fold structures, which may affect their stability. Promoter analysis indicated the presence of light-responsive and hormone-responsive elements in ZmGAox genes, suggesting complex transcriptional regulation. Protein interaction network analysis identified ZmGA20ox1-B, ZmGA3ox1, and ZmGA3ox2 as core nodes, potentially serving as key regulators in gibberellin metabolism. Ka/Ks analysis revealed that 63% of ZmGA20ox subfamily members are under positive selection pressure, indicating rapid evolutionary progression. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that ZmGA20ox4 maintains high expression across multiple organs and developmental stages, while some genes, such as ZmGA20ox2, exhibit significant tissue specificity. This study provides novel insights into the functional differentiation and evolutionary mechanisms of the ZmGAox gene family, while also identifying potential candidate genes for maize molecular breeding.