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<p>We consider scalar perturbations of the Reissner–Nordström family and the Kerr family. We derive a characteristic expression of the radiation field, <i>at any given fixed angle</i> of future null infinity, and numerically show that its amplitude gets excited only in the extremal case. Our work, therefore, identifies an observational signature for extremal black holes. Moreover, we show that the source of the excitation is the extremal horizon instability and its magnitude is exactly equal to the conserved horizon charge.</p>

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An observational signature for extremal black holes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月13日

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  • Stefanos Aretakis,
  • Gaurav Khanna,
  • Subir Sabharwal

摘要

We consider scalar perturbations of the Reissner–Nordström family and the Kerr family. We derive a characteristic expression of the radiation field, at any given fixed angle of future null infinity, and numerically show that its amplitude gets excited only in the extremal case. Our work, therefore, identifies an observational signature for extremal black holes. Moreover, we show that the source of the excitation is the extremal horizon instability and its magnitude is exactly equal to the conserved horizon charge.