<p>Any gravitating region <i>a</i> in any spacetime gives rise to a generalized entanglement wedge, the hologram <i>e</i>(<i>a</i>). Holograms exhibit properties expected of fundamental operator algebras, such as strong subadditivity, nesting, and no-cloning. But the entanglement wedge <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3462_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="29" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({{\,\textrm{EW}\,}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mtext>EW</mtext> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of an AdS boundary region <i>B</i> with commutant <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3462_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({{\bar{B}}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mrow> </mover> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> satisfies an additional condition, complementarity: <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3462_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="58" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({{\,\textrm{EW}\,}}(B)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mtext>EW</mtext> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the spacelike complement of <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3462_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="58" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({{\,\textrm{EW}\,}}(\bar{B})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mtext>EW</mtext> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mrow> </mover> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in the bulk. Here we identify an analogue of the boundary commutant <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3462_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({{\bar{B}}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mrow> </mover> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in general spacetimes: given a gravitating region <i>a</i>, its <i>fundamental complement</i> <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3462_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({{\tilde{a}}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mover accent="true"> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">~</mo> </mover> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the smallest wedge that contains all infinite world lines contained in the spacelike complement <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3462_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a'\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of <i>a</i>. We refine the definition of <i>e</i>(<i>a</i>) by requiring that it be spacelike to <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3462_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({{\tilde{a}}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mover accent="true"> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">~</mo> </mover> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We prove that <i>e</i>(<i>a</i>) is the spacelike complement of <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3462_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="31" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(e({{\tilde{a}}})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>e</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mover accent="true"> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">~</mo> </mover> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> when the latter is computed in <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3462_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a'\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>a</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We exhibit many examples of <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3462_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({{\tilde{a}}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mover accent="true"> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">~</mo> </mover> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and of <i>e</i>(<i>a</i>) in de Sitter, flat, and cosmological spacetimes. We find that a Big Bang cosmology (spatially closed or not) is trivially reconstructible: the whole universe is the entanglement wedge of any wedge inside it. But de Sitter space is not trivially reconstructible, despite being closed. We recover the AdS/CFT prescription by proving that <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3462_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="94" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({{\,\textrm{EW}\,}}(B)=e(\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mrow> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mtext>EW</mtext> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>causal wedge of <i>B</i>).</p>

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Fundamental complement of a gravitating region

  • Raphael Bousso,
  • Sami Kaya

摘要

Any gravitating region a in any spacetime gives rise to a generalized entanglement wedge, the hologram e(a). Holograms exhibit properties expected of fundamental operator algebras, such as strong subadditivity, nesting, and no-cloning. But the entanglement wedge \({{\,\textrm{EW}\,}}\) EW of an AdS boundary region B with commutant \({{\bar{B}}}\) B ¯ satisfies an additional condition, complementarity: \({{\,\textrm{EW}\,}}(B)\) EW ( B ) is the spacelike complement of \({{\,\textrm{EW}\,}}(\bar{B})\) EW ( B ¯ ) in the bulk. Here we identify an analogue of the boundary commutant \({{\bar{B}}}\) B ¯ in general spacetimes: given a gravitating region a, its fundamental complement \({{\tilde{a}}}\) a ~ is the smallest wedge that contains all infinite world lines contained in the spacelike complement \(a'\) a of a. We refine the definition of e(a) by requiring that it be spacelike to \({{\tilde{a}}}\) a ~ . We prove that e(a) is the spacelike complement of \(e({{\tilde{a}}})\) e ( a ~ ) when the latter is computed in \(a'\) a . We exhibit many examples of \({{\tilde{a}}}\) a ~ and of e(a) in de Sitter, flat, and cosmological spacetimes. We find that a Big Bang cosmology (spatially closed or not) is trivially reconstructible: the whole universe is the entanglement wedge of any wedge inside it. But de Sitter space is not trivially reconstructible, despite being closed. We recover the AdS/CFT prescription by proving that \({{\,\textrm{EW}\,}}(B)=e(\) EW ( B ) = e ( causal wedge of B).