<p>The long-time evolution of extreme mass-ratio inspiral systems requires minimal phase and dispersion errors to accurately compute far-field waveforms, while high accuracy is essential near the smaller black hole (modeled as a Dirac delta distribution) for self-force computations. Spectrally accurate methods, such as nodal discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods, are well suited for these tasks. Their numerical errors typically decrease as <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3435_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="81" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\propto (\Delta x)^{N+1}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>∝</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3435_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="26" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Delta x\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the subdomain size and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3435_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>N</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is the polynomial degree of the approximation. However, certain DG schemes exhibit superconvergence, where truncation, phase, and dispersion errors can decrease as fast as <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3435_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="86" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\propto (\Delta x)^{2N+1}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>∝</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>N</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Superconvergent numerical solvers are, by construction, extremely efficient and accurate. We theoretically demonstrate that our DG scheme for the scalar Teukolsky equation with a distributional source is superconvergent, and this property is retained when combined with the hyperboloidal layer compactification technique. This ensures that waveforms, total energy and angular-momentum fluxes, and self-force computations benefit from superconvergence. We empirically verify this behavior across a family of hyperboloidal layer compactifications with varying degrees of smoothness. Additionally, we show that dissipative self-force quantities for circular orbits, computed at the point particle’s location, also exhibit a certain degree of superconvergence. Our results underscore the potential benefits of numerical superconvergence for efficient and accurate gravitational waveform simulations based on DG methods.</p>

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Superconvergent discontinuous Galerkin method for the scalar Teukolsky equation on hyperboloidal domains: Efficient waveform and self-force computation

  • Manas Vishal,
  • Scott E. Field,
  • Sigal Gottlieb,
  • Jennifer Ryan

摘要

The long-time evolution of extreme mass-ratio inspiral systems requires minimal phase and dispersion errors to accurately compute far-field waveforms, while high accuracy is essential near the smaller black hole (modeled as a Dirac delta distribution) for self-force computations. Spectrally accurate methods, such as nodal discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods, are well suited for these tasks. Their numerical errors typically decrease as \(\propto (\Delta x)^{N+1}\) ( Δ x ) N + 1 , where \(\Delta x\) Δ x is the subdomain size and \(N\) N is the polynomial degree of the approximation. However, certain DG schemes exhibit superconvergence, where truncation, phase, and dispersion errors can decrease as fast as \(\propto (\Delta x)^{2N+1}\) ( Δ x ) 2 N + 1 . Superconvergent numerical solvers are, by construction, extremely efficient and accurate. We theoretically demonstrate that our DG scheme for the scalar Teukolsky equation with a distributional source is superconvergent, and this property is retained when combined with the hyperboloidal layer compactification technique. This ensures that waveforms, total energy and angular-momentum fluxes, and self-force computations benefit from superconvergence. We empirically verify this behavior across a family of hyperboloidal layer compactifications with varying degrees of smoothness. Additionally, we show that dissipative self-force quantities for circular orbits, computed at the point particle’s location, also exhibit a certain degree of superconvergence. Our results underscore the potential benefits of numerical superconvergence for efficient and accurate gravitational waveform simulations based on DG methods.