<p>Widely considered as a living and sacred entity, the Gangā River has shaped the cultural and spiritual identity of the Hindu religion for thousands of years. In Hinduism, she is worshipped as <i>Gaṅgā Mātā</i>/<i>Māiyā</i> (Mother Gaṅgā). Therefore, a large number of temples have been built on her banks from the source in the Himalayan state of Uttarakhand to its mouth in the delta in West Bengal. This research analyses continuities and variations in the spatial distribution of Hindu temples, deities worshipped in them, and the temple architectural style along the Gangā River. Using spatial statistical techniques, especially the Average Nearest Neighbour (ANN) and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) techniques, the study finds a statistically significant spatial pattern of temple concentration, with Haridwar, Varanasi, and Prayagraj being cultural hubs. The study reveals how differently religious traditions along the Gangā River vary from place to place. People mostly worship Lord <i>Śiva</i> and Lord <i>Viṣṇu</i> in the upstream. In the downstream, especially in Bengal, devotion focuses on powerful goddesses and the Bhakti cults. In the middle stretches, temples dedicated to many different gods and goddesses are common. Temple architecture also varies along the river's journey—starting with stone-built Nagara temples in the mountains, shifting to grandeur Nagara temples in the plains, and ending with brick and terracotta temples in Bengal, shaped by the region's floods and local building styles. The study highlights how elevation, local materials, and water conditions shape both temple design and deity worship. Beyond mapping sacred spaces, this research contributes to cultural geography by offering an understanding of how natural landscapes, mythological narratives, and devotional practices coalesce to give shape to India's spiritual landscape.</p>

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Landscape of faith: a geographical study of Hindu temples along the river Gangā

  • Alok Sarkar,
  • Pulak Barman,
  • Sarfaraz Alam

摘要

Widely considered as a living and sacred entity, the Gangā River has shaped the cultural and spiritual identity of the Hindu religion for thousands of years. In Hinduism, she is worshipped as Gaṅgā Mātā/Māiyā (Mother Gaṅgā). Therefore, a large number of temples have been built on her banks from the source in the Himalayan state of Uttarakhand to its mouth in the delta in West Bengal. This research analyses continuities and variations in the spatial distribution of Hindu temples, deities worshipped in them, and the temple architectural style along the Gangā River. Using spatial statistical techniques, especially the Average Nearest Neighbour (ANN) and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) techniques, the study finds a statistically significant spatial pattern of temple concentration, with Haridwar, Varanasi, and Prayagraj being cultural hubs. The study reveals how differently religious traditions along the Gangā River vary from place to place. People mostly worship Lord Śiva and Lord Viṣṇu in the upstream. In the downstream, especially in Bengal, devotion focuses on powerful goddesses and the Bhakti cults. In the middle stretches, temples dedicated to many different gods and goddesses are common. Temple architecture also varies along the river's journey—starting with stone-built Nagara temples in the mountains, shifting to grandeur Nagara temples in the plains, and ending with brick and terracotta temples in Bengal, shaped by the region's floods and local building styles. The study highlights how elevation, local materials, and water conditions shape both temple design and deity worship. Beyond mapping sacred spaces, this research contributes to cultural geography by offering an understanding of how natural landscapes, mythological narratives, and devotional practices coalesce to give shape to India's spiritual landscape.