<p>The expansion of slums in Indian cities, characterised by poor amenities and facilities, heightened the health vulnerabilities of people. This research develops a health vulnerability assessment framework for slums by identifying and prioritizing socioeconomic, environmental, demographic, and infrastructural factors. Both primary and secondary data sources were utilized to identify the critical attributes to be considered to measure health vulnerability in slums. While the vulnerability index was prepared to drive the importance of each attribute based on their performance, RIDIT analysis was utilized to compute the importance of attributes from stated data. The attributes’ criticality was determined using the importance-satisfaction analysis technique. The results indicate that the priority of attributes differ between experts and slum dwellers. While experts, emphasizing water and sanitation, considered 12 attributes as critical, slum dwellers, prioritizing socioeconomic factors, perceived 15 attributes as more important. The derived importance results denote that 10 attributes, notably drainage and sewerage connectivity, are more important as their performance was found below average. Six attributes, including income and sanitation, are identified as critical and eight attributes, comprising education and water quality, are categorized as important for developing the framework. Four attributes were identified as less important and not important respectively. Measures should be taken for the improvement of critical and important attributes and investments on the augmentation of less and not important factors may be transferred to the improvement of other aspects. This paper offers some actionable insights for planners, policymakers, and healthcare providers seeking to improve health of slum residents.</p>