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<p>This study rigorously examines the complex interplay between land surface temperature (LST) and land-use/land-cover (LULC) changes, integrating key remote sensing indices (NDVI, NDWI, NDBI) to assess environmental dynamics in Kunar Province, Afghanistan, over a twenty-year period (2003, 2013, 2023). In light of Afghanistan’s recent geopolitical stabilization enabling renewed scientific exploration, this research provides a critical temporal and spatial quantification of LST variability and its association with LULC transformations, elucidating the environmental consequences of regional development pressures. The analysis identifies a clear warming trend, with minimum and maximum LST values rising from −26 and 41&#xa0;°C in 2003 to −10 and 46&#xa0;°C in 2023, respectively. Supervised classification using Google Earth Engine reveals substantial LULC transitions, notably the expansion of built-up areas and grasslands, alongside pronounced deforestation and marginal declines in barren land, snow cover, cropland, and water bodies. These transformations indicate strong anthropogenic impacts on the thermal environment. Complementary remote sensing indices affirm these findings: the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) decreased from 0.68 (2003) to 0.455 (2023), reflecting significant forest loss; the normalized difference water index (NDWI) highlights marked water body depletion by 2023; and the normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) increased from 0.4221 to 0.5864, evidencing accelerated urbanization. Collectively, these results underscore the urgent need for sustainable, evidence-driven land management policies in Kunar Province to mitigate intensifying environmental risks posed by urban expansion, deforestation, and climate change.</p>

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Examining the relationship among land surface temperature (LST), land use/land cover (LULC) and spectral indices in Kunar Province, Afghanistan

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月12日

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  • Bilal Jan Haji Muhammad,
  • Wang Ping,
  • Muhammad Jalal Mohabbat,
  • Ihtisham Islam,
  • Salman Ahmed Khattak

摘要

This study rigorously examines the complex interplay between land surface temperature (LST) and land-use/land-cover (LULC) changes, integrating key remote sensing indices (NDVI, NDWI, NDBI) to assess environmental dynamics in Kunar Province, Afghanistan, over a twenty-year period (2003, 2013, 2023). In light of Afghanistan’s recent geopolitical stabilization enabling renewed scientific exploration, this research provides a critical temporal and spatial quantification of LST variability and its association with LULC transformations, elucidating the environmental consequences of regional development pressures. The analysis identifies a clear warming trend, with minimum and maximum LST values rising from −26 and 41 °C in 2003 to −10 and 46 °C in 2023, respectively. Supervised classification using Google Earth Engine reveals substantial LULC transitions, notably the expansion of built-up areas and grasslands, alongside pronounced deforestation and marginal declines in barren land, snow cover, cropland, and water bodies. These transformations indicate strong anthropogenic impacts on the thermal environment. Complementary remote sensing indices affirm these findings: the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) decreased from 0.68 (2003) to 0.455 (2023), reflecting significant forest loss; the normalized difference water index (NDWI) highlights marked water body depletion by 2023; and the normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) increased from 0.4221 to 0.5864, evidencing accelerated urbanization. Collectively, these results underscore the urgent need for sustainable, evidence-driven land management policies in Kunar Province to mitigate intensifying environmental risks posed by urban expansion, deforestation, and climate change.