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<p>Shallow tunnel excavation inevitably induces ground settlement, which may pose significant risks to life and property, especially in closely spaced multi-tunnel construction projects. However, the mechanisms of excavation-induced ground disturbance and settlement prediction remain insufficiently understood. To address this issue, a novel three-dimensional settlement-prediction method is developed based on Peck’s formula, accounting for the spatial relationships among multiple tunnels. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is employed for parameter inversion to improve prediction efficiency and accuracy. In addition, a three-dimensional numerical model of a triple-parallel-tunnel system is established to investigate the influence of tunnel spatial arrangement. The results indicate that increasing tunnel spacing causes the settlement trough to evolve from a single-trough pattern to a triple-trough pattern. A larger face lag distance reduces surface settlement by up to 48% and shifts the maximum settlement toward the first-excavated tunnel. Among the investigated excavation sequences, the "right-left-middle" sequence yields the best overall performance. Although increasing the lag distance reduces excavation-induced disturbance at the leading tunnel and improves overall tunnel system stability, it may adversely affect the stability of the middle tunnel. Finally, an optimal lag distance of 5&#xa0;m is proposed based on a comprehensive analysis and validated through engineering applications to mitigate safety risks effectively.</p>

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Settlement Prediction and Stability Assessment of Closely Spaced Shallow Parallel Tunnels

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Xiaotao Ai,
  • Yicheng Chen,
  • Chenliang Wei,
  • Xiaowen Zhou

摘要

Shallow tunnel excavation inevitably induces ground settlement, which may pose significant risks to life and property, especially in closely spaced multi-tunnel construction projects. However, the mechanisms of excavation-induced ground disturbance and settlement prediction remain insufficiently understood. To address this issue, a novel three-dimensional settlement-prediction method is developed based on Peck’s formula, accounting for the spatial relationships among multiple tunnels. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is employed for parameter inversion to improve prediction efficiency and accuracy. In addition, a three-dimensional numerical model of a triple-parallel-tunnel system is established to investigate the influence of tunnel spatial arrangement. The results indicate that increasing tunnel spacing causes the settlement trough to evolve from a single-trough pattern to a triple-trough pattern. A larger face lag distance reduces surface settlement by up to 48% and shifts the maximum settlement toward the first-excavated tunnel. Among the investigated excavation sequences, the "right-left-middle" sequence yields the best overall performance. Although increasing the lag distance reduces excavation-induced disturbance at the leading tunnel and improves overall tunnel system stability, it may adversely affect the stability of the middle tunnel. Finally, an optimal lag distance of 5 m is proposed based on a comprehensive analysis and validated through engineering applications to mitigate safety risks effectively.