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<p>This study presents a comprehensive three-dimensional fully coupled nonlinear dynamic hydro-mechanical analysis of 3 × 3 pile group foundations in saturated sands subjected to seismic loading. The advanced P2PSand constitutive model was employed in a time-domain framework along with Rayleigh damping to accurately simulate the complex cyclic behavior of sand and stiffness degradation. The dynamic performance of the dynamic constitutive model was verified through experimental data to assess the capability of the model in producing soil shear stiffness degradation and damping. The research systematically investigates the seismic response of pile groups across three distinct soil profiles, including weak-over-strong sands, strong-over-weak sands, and uniform sands. Key parameters examined include the soil layer depth ratio, soil relative density, and the configuration of the soil profile, as well as the characteristics of input ground motions from the Kobe (1995) and Gilroy (2002) earthquakes. The results demonstrate that soil stratification exerts a profound influence on kinematic interaction mechanisms, significantly amplifying or attenuating peak pile bending moments, shear forces, and lateral displacements compared to uniform deposits. Beyond the specific pile group configuration analyzed, the identified effects of layer sequence, relative density contrast, layer thickness ratio, and input-motion frequency content provide useful guidance for seismic analysis and design of pile group foundations in saturated layered sands.</p>

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Seismic Responses of Pile Groups in Layered Saturated Sands

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Sajjad A. Borzeshi,
  • Mohammad M. Ahmadi

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive three-dimensional fully coupled nonlinear dynamic hydro-mechanical analysis of 3 × 3 pile group foundations in saturated sands subjected to seismic loading. The advanced P2PSand constitutive model was employed in a time-domain framework along with Rayleigh damping to accurately simulate the complex cyclic behavior of sand and stiffness degradation. The dynamic performance of the dynamic constitutive model was verified through experimental data to assess the capability of the model in producing soil shear stiffness degradation and damping. The research systematically investigates the seismic response of pile groups across three distinct soil profiles, including weak-over-strong sands, strong-over-weak sands, and uniform sands. Key parameters examined include the soil layer depth ratio, soil relative density, and the configuration of the soil profile, as well as the characteristics of input ground motions from the Kobe (1995) and Gilroy (2002) earthquakes. The results demonstrate that soil stratification exerts a profound influence on kinematic interaction mechanisms, significantly amplifying or attenuating peak pile bending moments, shear forces, and lateral displacements compared to uniform deposits. Beyond the specific pile group configuration analyzed, the identified effects of layer sequence, relative density contrast, layer thickness ratio, and input-motion frequency content provide useful guidance for seismic analysis and design of pile group foundations in saturated layered sands.