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<p>Rockfalls pose significant hazards in volcanic-tectonic settings like the Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy), where the steep slopes of Camaldoli hill (457&#xa0;m a.s.l.) threaten a densely urbanised area of Naples. This study integrates drone-based surveys, geostructural analysis, and RAMMS numerical modelling to assess rockfall dynamics, source areas, rockfall trajectories and to investigate the influence of the geomorphology and vegetation.</p><p>High-resolution DTMs and Virtual Outcrop Models enabled the preparation of a landslide inventory and the mapping of geomorphological features. Structural analysis identified four discontinuity sets in the tuff formation, while the kinematic tests defined wedge sliding as most critical slope failure mechanism (&gt; 30% critical intersections). RAMMS simulations showed good correlation with the field endpoints, validating the coefficients of restitution applied. The models showed that up to 18% of the rock blocks would reach the urban area, impacting with kinetic energies up to about 6000&#xa0;kJ. These values increased when rockfall trajectories were simulated without forested areas. The vegetation reduced urban impacts by up to 800% for small blocks, while showing lower but still effective influence on larger volumes in terms of runout distance, kinetic energy and jump height. Moreover, channelled slopes developed runout distances three times higher than unchannelled ones. Findings highlight the vegetation preservation as key mitigation strategy alongside active measures. The described workflow can be applied to similar areas where rockfall hazard affects urbanised volcanic slopes.</p>

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Vegetation and Geomorphological Controls on Rockfall Hazard Along Volcanic Slopes

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • L. Massaro,
  • D. Jester,
  • N. Santangelo

摘要

Rockfalls pose significant hazards in volcanic-tectonic settings like the Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy), where the steep slopes of Camaldoli hill (457 m a.s.l.) threaten a densely urbanised area of Naples. This study integrates drone-based surveys, geostructural analysis, and RAMMS numerical modelling to assess rockfall dynamics, source areas, rockfall trajectories and to investigate the influence of the geomorphology and vegetation.

High-resolution DTMs and Virtual Outcrop Models enabled the preparation of a landslide inventory and the mapping of geomorphological features. Structural analysis identified four discontinuity sets in the tuff formation, while the kinematic tests defined wedge sliding as most critical slope failure mechanism (> 30% critical intersections). RAMMS simulations showed good correlation with the field endpoints, validating the coefficients of restitution applied. The models showed that up to 18% of the rock blocks would reach the urban area, impacting with kinetic energies up to about 6000 kJ. These values increased when rockfall trajectories were simulated without forested areas. The vegetation reduced urban impacts by up to 800% for small blocks, while showing lower but still effective influence on larger volumes in terms of runout distance, kinetic energy and jump height. Moreover, channelled slopes developed runout distances three times higher than unchannelled ones. Findings highlight the vegetation preservation as key mitigation strategy alongside active measures. The described workflow can be applied to similar areas where rockfall hazard affects urbanised volcanic slopes.