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<p>Climate change is increasingly accelerating pavement deterioration in cold regions through rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and intensified freeze–thaw (F–T) activity. These environmental changes contribute to frost-related damage, moisture-induced weakening, and long-term subgrade instability, creating major challenges for pavement durability and performance. This review critically examines the use of insulation and recycled materials for improving pavement performance under seasonal freezing conditions, with particular emphasis on foam glass aggregate (FGA), extruded polystyrene (XPS), recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), fly ash, bottom ash, and volcanic ash. Experimental, field, and numerical investigations are synthesized to evaluate the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) behavior of these materials under varying moisture conditions, compaction states, and repeated F–T exposure. The review also evaluates thermal, thermo-hydraulic (TH), and coupled THM modelling approaches used to simulate frost penetration, moisture migration, thaw weakening, and long-term pavement response. The reviewed studies demonstrate that material performance depends not only on thermal insulation efficiency, but also on moisture sensitivity, pore structure stability, stress conditions, and freeze–thaw durability. XPS consistently provides superior thermal insulation performance, whereas FGA offers a more sustainable alternative with favorable thermal behavior but greater sensitivity to moisture-related deformation. RCA demonstrates relatively stable resilient behavior despite its higher absorption capacity, indicating that acceptable mechanical performance can still be maintained under seasonal freezing and thawing conditions. Overall, the review highlights the importance of integrating experimental observations with coupled THM modelling to improve prediction reliability and support the development of climate-resilient pavement systems. Key paper recommendations include long-term field validation, improved material characterization, and regional calibration of coupled numerical models under future climatic conditions.</p>

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Alternative Materials for Improving Pavement Performance in Cold Regions: A Comprehensive Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Ranya Saeed,
  • Rozalina Dimitrova,
  • Sai Vanapalli

摘要

Climate change is increasingly accelerating pavement deterioration in cold regions through rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and intensified freeze–thaw (F–T) activity. These environmental changes contribute to frost-related damage, moisture-induced weakening, and long-term subgrade instability, creating major challenges for pavement durability and performance. This review critically examines the use of insulation and recycled materials for improving pavement performance under seasonal freezing conditions, with particular emphasis on foam glass aggregate (FGA), extruded polystyrene (XPS), recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), fly ash, bottom ash, and volcanic ash. Experimental, field, and numerical investigations are synthesized to evaluate the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) behavior of these materials under varying moisture conditions, compaction states, and repeated F–T exposure. The review also evaluates thermal, thermo-hydraulic (TH), and coupled THM modelling approaches used to simulate frost penetration, moisture migration, thaw weakening, and long-term pavement response. The reviewed studies demonstrate that material performance depends not only on thermal insulation efficiency, but also on moisture sensitivity, pore structure stability, stress conditions, and freeze–thaw durability. XPS consistently provides superior thermal insulation performance, whereas FGA offers a more sustainable alternative with favorable thermal behavior but greater sensitivity to moisture-related deformation. RCA demonstrates relatively stable resilient behavior despite its higher absorption capacity, indicating that acceptable mechanical performance can still be maintained under seasonal freezing and thawing conditions. Overall, the review highlights the importance of integrating experimental observations with coupled THM modelling to improve prediction reliability and support the development of climate-resilient pavement systems. Key paper recommendations include long-term field validation, improved material characterization, and regional calibration of coupled numerical models under future climatic conditions.