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<p>Thermal conductivity governs heat transfer in frozen soils and is strongly affected by phase change during freezing. The soil freezing characteristic curve (SFCC) has been used to interpret several properties of frozen soils, including hydraulic conductivity and mechanical behavior. To establish a more consistent SFCC-based framework for thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling, this study explores the use of the SFCC to describe thermal conductivity in frozen soils. Using a power-law SFCC and a Mualem-type normalization, closed-form expressions for normalized thermal conductivity are derived in both temperature-based (<i>T</i>-form) and effective-saturation-based (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S_e\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mi>e</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-form) representations. The SFCC shape parameter is determined independently from freezing experiments, while a phenomenological exponent accounts for the&#xa0;nonlinear increase in thermal conductivity during freezing. The proposed formulation is evaluated using experimental data for 16 soils with varying textures. The formulation reproduces the measured thermal conductivity trends well, with coefficients of determination greater than 0.90 for the evaluated datasets. The results suggest that the SFCC can serve as a useful tool for linking phase composition with the thermal and hydraulic behavior of frozen soils, with potential extensions to mechanical properties.</p>

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Thermal Conductivity Formulation for Saturated Frozen Soils Based on the Soil Freezing Characteristic Curve

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Hao Wang,
  • Sai Vanapalli

摘要

Thermal conductivity governs heat transfer in frozen soils and is strongly affected by phase change during freezing. The soil freezing characteristic curve (SFCC) has been used to interpret several properties of frozen soils, including hydraulic conductivity and mechanical behavior. To establish a more consistent SFCC-based framework for thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling, this study explores the use of the SFCC to describe thermal conductivity in frozen soils. Using a power-law SFCC and a Mualem-type normalization, closed-form expressions for normalized thermal conductivity are derived in both temperature-based (T-form) and effective-saturation-based ( \(S_e\) S e -form) representations. The SFCC shape parameter is determined independently from freezing experiments, while a phenomenological exponent accounts for the nonlinear increase in thermal conductivity during freezing. The proposed formulation is evaluated using experimental data for 16 soils with varying textures. The formulation reproduces the measured thermal conductivity trends well, with coefficients of determination greater than 0.90 for the evaluated datasets. The results suggest that the SFCC can serve as a useful tool for linking phase composition with the thermal and hydraulic behavior of frozen soils, with potential extensions to mechanical properties.