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<p>The lateral response of monopile foundations was systematically investigated by conducting controlled laboratory model tests, with particular focus on the coupled effects of vertical loading and scour. Two scour conditions: general scour and local scour were considered to evaluate their effects on pile deformation and bending moment distribution. A purpose-built apparatus was developed to apply controlled vertical and lateral loads, and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was employed to capture the soil displacement field. The results show that scour reduces pile embedment depth and shifts the maximum bending moment downward, significantly weakening lateral bearing capacity, especially under general scour. Vertical loading enhances lateral resistance under small lateral loads by generating additional passive pressure zones at the pile base, but as lateral load increases, the <i>P–Δ</i> effect dominates, leading to greater displacements and bending moments. PIV analysis revealed the evolution of shear zones, rotation centers, and soil failure mechanisms around the pile, offering direct insights into soil-structure interaction processes. These findings emphasize the importance of accounting for the coupled effects of scour and vertical load in the design and safety evaluation of offshore monopile foundations.</p>

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Response of Laterally Loaded Piles Under Combined Scour and Vertical Loading Conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月25日

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  • Xiaofeng Yang,
  • Feng Yu,
  • Wei Li,
  • Lintao Jia,
  • Mengying Peng

摘要

The lateral response of monopile foundations was systematically investigated by conducting controlled laboratory model tests, with particular focus on the coupled effects of vertical loading and scour. Two scour conditions: general scour and local scour were considered to evaluate their effects on pile deformation and bending moment distribution. A purpose-built apparatus was developed to apply controlled vertical and lateral loads, and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was employed to capture the soil displacement field. The results show that scour reduces pile embedment depth and shifts the maximum bending moment downward, significantly weakening lateral bearing capacity, especially under general scour. Vertical loading enhances lateral resistance under small lateral loads by generating additional passive pressure zones at the pile base, but as lateral load increases, the P–Δ effect dominates, leading to greater displacements and bending moments. PIV analysis revealed the evolution of shear zones, rotation centers, and soil failure mechanisms around the pile, offering direct insights into soil-structure interaction processes. These findings emphasize the importance of accounting for the coupled effects of scour and vertical load in the design and safety evaluation of offshore monopile foundations.