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<p>The suffusion resistance of granular soils is highly dependent on the in-situ stress condition, which is a critical factor that governs the development of suffusion. While previous studies have researched the suffusion responses under complex loading conditions, the influence of the stress level on suffusion behaviors is not sufficiently detailed. In this study, a series of gap-graded specimens subjected to different consolidation stresses are generated, and then the coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method is employed to conduct the suffusion simulation to investigate both the macroscopic and microscopic suffusion mechanisms under varying confining pressures. The simulation results indicate that the suffusion progresses through three distinct stages: rapid erosion, decelerated erosion and stabilization, accompanied by the formation of preferential flow paths and localized clogging zones. The erosion of fine particles develops non-uniformly through the connected pore channels formed by the coarse particle skeleton. With higher confining stress promoting more pronounced clogging effects, particularly in the upstream regions, thereby inhibiting the migration of fine particles. Both the ultimate erosion degree and hydraulic conductivity decrease with increasing confining pressure. The evolution of contact force chains is tracked via coordination numbers and normal contact forces during the suffusion process. The confining pressure is conducive to strengthening the interparticle contacts and enhancing suffusion resistance, with diminishing returns at higher stress levels. The normal contact forces intensify along the seepage direction while maintaining an isotropic distribution in other directions. These findings provide deeper insight into the influence of fine particle migration paths and local clogging effect on the suffusion development under different stress conditions, and facilitate enhancing the anti-suffusion design of granular soils in embankment dams, levees, roads, and their foundations.</p>

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Investigating the Anti-suffusion Capacity of Granular Soils with Different Consolidation Pressures Using Coupled CFD-DEM

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月25日

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  • Pingfan Wang,
  • Jinfeng Bi,
  • Xianqi Luo,
  • Yunwei Shi,
  • Zhuomin Li

摘要

The suffusion resistance of granular soils is highly dependent on the in-situ stress condition, which is a critical factor that governs the development of suffusion. While previous studies have researched the suffusion responses under complex loading conditions, the influence of the stress level on suffusion behaviors is not sufficiently detailed. In this study, a series of gap-graded specimens subjected to different consolidation stresses are generated, and then the coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method is employed to conduct the suffusion simulation to investigate both the macroscopic and microscopic suffusion mechanisms under varying confining pressures. The simulation results indicate that the suffusion progresses through three distinct stages: rapid erosion, decelerated erosion and stabilization, accompanied by the formation of preferential flow paths and localized clogging zones. The erosion of fine particles develops non-uniformly through the connected pore channels formed by the coarse particle skeleton. With higher confining stress promoting more pronounced clogging effects, particularly in the upstream regions, thereby inhibiting the migration of fine particles. Both the ultimate erosion degree and hydraulic conductivity decrease with increasing confining pressure. The evolution of contact force chains is tracked via coordination numbers and normal contact forces during the suffusion process. The confining pressure is conducive to strengthening the interparticle contacts and enhancing suffusion resistance, with diminishing returns at higher stress levels. The normal contact forces intensify along the seepage direction while maintaining an isotropic distribution in other directions. These findings provide deeper insight into the influence of fine particle migration paths and local clogging effect on the suffusion development under different stress conditions, and facilitate enhancing the anti-suffusion design of granular soils in embankment dams, levees, roads, and their foundations.