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<p>The growing demand for sustainable geotechnical practices has driven a paradigm shift from conventional cement-based soil stabilisation towards hybrid systems integrating nanomaterials. While existing reviews have examined cement stabilisation and nano-stabilisation largely as separate approaches, a unified and quantitative synthesis of their combined application remains lacking. This study addresses this gap by presenting a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis focused specifically on hybrid cement–nanomaterial soil stabilisation systems. Using a PRISMA-guided systematic literature review, over 550 peer-reviewed publications were screened, and 70 core studies were critically analysed. The novelty of this work lies in its integrated mechanistic synthesis, which consolidates stabilisation processes into two coupled domains: physicochemical effects, including cement hydration, cation exchange, and pozzolanic reactions; and microstructural effects, encompassing nanoparticle-induced densification, viscous gel formation, pore refinement, and interfacial bonding. These grouped mechanisms are systematically linked to improvements in key geotechnical properties such as Atterberg limits, compaction behaviour, hydraulic conductivity, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR), shear strength, durability under freeze–thaw and wet–dry cycles, and resistance to collapsibility and liquefaction. In contrast to prior qualitative reviews, this study further introduces a quantitative meta-analysis to statistically evaluate the global effectiveness of hybrid stabilisation systems, revealing an average soil strength enhancement of approximately 7.20 times compared to untreated soils. The review also adopts a sustainability-oriented perspective, examining the potential of nanotechnology to reduce cement dependency, mitigate environmental impact, and improve long-term durability. Overall, this work establishes a consolidated scientific and sustainability-driven framework for next-generation hybrid soil stabilisation in civil infrastructure.</p>

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Hybrid Soil Stabilisation Using Cement and Nanomaterials: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Tawseef Rasool Haji,
  • Bashir Ahmed Mir

摘要

The growing demand for sustainable geotechnical practices has driven a paradigm shift from conventional cement-based soil stabilisation towards hybrid systems integrating nanomaterials. While existing reviews have examined cement stabilisation and nano-stabilisation largely as separate approaches, a unified and quantitative synthesis of their combined application remains lacking. This study addresses this gap by presenting a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis focused specifically on hybrid cement–nanomaterial soil stabilisation systems. Using a PRISMA-guided systematic literature review, over 550 peer-reviewed publications were screened, and 70 core studies were critically analysed. The novelty of this work lies in its integrated mechanistic synthesis, which consolidates stabilisation processes into two coupled domains: physicochemical effects, including cement hydration, cation exchange, and pozzolanic reactions; and microstructural effects, encompassing nanoparticle-induced densification, viscous gel formation, pore refinement, and interfacial bonding. These grouped mechanisms are systematically linked to improvements in key geotechnical properties such as Atterberg limits, compaction behaviour, hydraulic conductivity, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California Bearing Ratio (CBR), shear strength, durability under freeze–thaw and wet–dry cycles, and resistance to collapsibility and liquefaction. In contrast to prior qualitative reviews, this study further introduces a quantitative meta-analysis to statistically evaluate the global effectiveness of hybrid stabilisation systems, revealing an average soil strength enhancement of approximately 7.20 times compared to untreated soils. The review also adopts a sustainability-oriented perspective, examining the potential of nanotechnology to reduce cement dependency, mitigate environmental impact, and improve long-term durability. Overall, this work establishes a consolidated scientific and sustainability-driven framework for next-generation hybrid soil stabilisation in civil infrastructure.