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<p>Natural clays commonly exhibit both anisotropy and non-homogeneity in undrained shear strength due to stress history and depositional processes; however, these effects are often examined separately when evaluating anchor pullout behavior. This study presents the pullout resistance of plate anchors in saturated clay using a lower bound finite element limit analysis framework that simultaneously accounts for anisotropic and vertically non-homogeneous undrained strength. Anisotropy is represented using the Davis–Christian yield criterion, while non-homogeneity is modeled through a linear increase in shear strength with depth. The analysis performed for both horizontal and vertical strip anchors in normally consolidated (NC), lightly over-consolidated (LOC), and heavily over-consolidated (HOC) clays investigates the combined effects of anisotropy ratios, non-homogeneity coefficients, and embedment depth on the dimensionless pullout capacity. Results show that increasing the anisotropy parameters (<i>r</i><sub><i>e</i></sub> and <i>r</i><sub><i>s</i></sub>) or the non-homogeneity coefficient (<i>m</i>) enhances the anchor capacity. As <i>m</i> increases from 0 to 1, the pullout capacity factor may rise by about 300–350%, whereas reductions of 20–30% may occur when <i>r</i><sub><i>e</i></sub> and <i>r</i><sub><i>s</i></sub> decrease. The study thus provides a generalized and realistic framework for evaluating anchor pullout resistance in natural anisotropic and homogeneous/non-homogeneous clays.</p>

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Pullout Resistance of Plate Anchors in Anisotropic and Non-Homogeneous Clay Assessed Using Numerical Limit Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Mansha Mushtaq,
  • Jagdish Prasad Sahoo

摘要

Natural clays commonly exhibit both anisotropy and non-homogeneity in undrained shear strength due to stress history and depositional processes; however, these effects are often examined separately when evaluating anchor pullout behavior. This study presents the pullout resistance of plate anchors in saturated clay using a lower bound finite element limit analysis framework that simultaneously accounts for anisotropic and vertically non-homogeneous undrained strength. Anisotropy is represented using the Davis–Christian yield criterion, while non-homogeneity is modeled through a linear increase in shear strength with depth. The analysis performed for both horizontal and vertical strip anchors in normally consolidated (NC), lightly over-consolidated (LOC), and heavily over-consolidated (HOC) clays investigates the combined effects of anisotropy ratios, non-homogeneity coefficients, and embedment depth on the dimensionless pullout capacity. Results show that increasing the anisotropy parameters (re and rs) or the non-homogeneity coefficient (m) enhances the anchor capacity. As m increases from 0 to 1, the pullout capacity factor may rise by about 300–350%, whereas reductions of 20–30% may occur when re and rs decrease. The study thus provides a generalized and realistic framework for evaluating anchor pullout resistance in natural anisotropic and homogeneous/non-homogeneous clays.