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<p>This study investigates the challenges associated with predicting the bearing capacity of super-long piles in loess, where complex pile–soil interactions govern load-transfer behavior. A comprehensive analytical framework is developed by integrating load-transfer theory with multi-stage constitutive models. The soil profile is divided into two layers, and four tri-linear interaction models are formulated based on different combinations of hardening and softening behavior: (1) Double Hardening (DH), (2) Upper Hardening–Lower Softening (UH–LS), (3) Upper Softening–Lower Hardening (US–LH), and (4) Double Softening (DS). Differential equations governing pile displacement were established for three soil states (elastic, plastic, and slip). The findings reveal clear performance differences among the models. The DH model provides the highest accuracy, achieving a 98.3% consistency with field P–S curves and effectively capturing the redistribution of axial force and progressive mobilization of side resistance. The UH–LS and US–LH models show 8–12% deviations due to mismatched transitions between hardening and softening. The DS model underestimates bearing capacity by 15–18% owing to excessive interface weakening. Finite element simulations verify the theoretical displacement patterns, particularly the DH model’s ability to reproduce depth-dependent friction development. Field comparisons show a variance below 5% for the DH model, compared with 10–20% errors in conventional methods. Overall, the results highlight the critical importance of accurate interface modeling for super-long piles in loess, providing a reliable theoretical and practical methodology, with the DH model offering the most realistic representation of layered soil hardening under sustained loading.</p>

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Study on the Inversion of a Pile Soil Interaction Model for Extra Long Piles in Loess

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月13日

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  • Liangliang Xin,
  • Shuaihua Ye,
  • Xinzhuang Cui,
  • Wuyu Zhang,
  • Jian Wu

摘要

This study investigates the challenges associated with predicting the bearing capacity of super-long piles in loess, where complex pile–soil interactions govern load-transfer behavior. A comprehensive analytical framework is developed by integrating load-transfer theory with multi-stage constitutive models. The soil profile is divided into two layers, and four tri-linear interaction models are formulated based on different combinations of hardening and softening behavior: (1) Double Hardening (DH), (2) Upper Hardening–Lower Softening (UH–LS), (3) Upper Softening–Lower Hardening (US–LH), and (4) Double Softening (DS). Differential equations governing pile displacement were established for three soil states (elastic, plastic, and slip). The findings reveal clear performance differences among the models. The DH model provides the highest accuracy, achieving a 98.3% consistency with field P–S curves and effectively capturing the redistribution of axial force and progressive mobilization of side resistance. The UH–LS and US–LH models show 8–12% deviations due to mismatched transitions between hardening and softening. The DS model underestimates bearing capacity by 15–18% owing to excessive interface weakening. Finite element simulations verify the theoretical displacement patterns, particularly the DH model’s ability to reproduce depth-dependent friction development. Field comparisons show a variance below 5% for the DH model, compared with 10–20% errors in conventional methods. Overall, the results highlight the critical importance of accurate interface modeling for super-long piles in loess, providing a reliable theoretical and practical methodology, with the DH model offering the most realistic representation of layered soil hardening under sustained loading.