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<p>This study investigates the feasibility of using passive batter piles to mitigate surcharge-induced lateral soil movement—a topic that remains insufficiently explored. Previous studies have mainly focused on passive vertical piles in existing structures or laterally loaded active piles, leaving the behavior of passive batter piles under surcharge conditions poorly understood. To address this gap, reduced-scale model experiments were conducted using a custom-designed lever loading system equipped with high-sensitivity sensors to monitor pile responses. Building on the experimental insights, a theoretical framework was developed to further investigate pile behavior. This framework integrated an improved strain wedge method with a mechanical analysis based on the Boussinesq solution. Specifically, the governing equation incorporated the surcharge-induced additional earth pressure—obtained through double integration and coordinate transformation of the Boussinesq solution—and the subgrade reaction modulus from the improved strain wedge method. The effects of pile inclination (− 20° to + 20°) and tip constraint (free or fixed) on dimensionless pile responses under varying surcharges were systematically examined. The results revealed that vertical piles exhibit the greatest mechanical response, followed by positive batter piles, while negative batter piles experience the least response under identical surcharge conditions. Increasing pile inclination and enhancing tip constraint effectively reduce pile deflection and bending moment. These findings provide new insights into the mechanical mechanisms of passive batter piles and offer guidance for the design of embankment reinforcement systems.</p>

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Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Behavior of Passive Batter Piles under Surcharge-Induced Lateral Soil Movement

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月31日

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  • Wenzhe Peng,
  • Minghua Zhao,
  • Qin Zhu,
  • Ling Zhang,
  • Dequan Zhou

摘要

This study investigates the feasibility of using passive batter piles to mitigate surcharge-induced lateral soil movement—a topic that remains insufficiently explored. Previous studies have mainly focused on passive vertical piles in existing structures or laterally loaded active piles, leaving the behavior of passive batter piles under surcharge conditions poorly understood. To address this gap, reduced-scale model experiments were conducted using a custom-designed lever loading system equipped with high-sensitivity sensors to monitor pile responses. Building on the experimental insights, a theoretical framework was developed to further investigate pile behavior. This framework integrated an improved strain wedge method with a mechanical analysis based on the Boussinesq solution. Specifically, the governing equation incorporated the surcharge-induced additional earth pressure—obtained through double integration and coordinate transformation of the Boussinesq solution—and the subgrade reaction modulus from the improved strain wedge method. The effects of pile inclination (− 20° to + 20°) and tip constraint (free or fixed) on dimensionless pile responses under varying surcharges were systematically examined. The results revealed that vertical piles exhibit the greatest mechanical response, followed by positive batter piles, while negative batter piles experience the least response under identical surcharge conditions. Increasing pile inclination and enhancing tip constraint effectively reduce pile deflection and bending moment. These findings provide new insights into the mechanical mechanisms of passive batter piles and offer guidance for the design of embankment reinforcement systems.