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<p>Uniaxial compression tests were performed on sandstone specimens under varying stress levels, chemical solutions, and freeze–thaw (F–T) cycles to investigate their combined effects on mechanical properties and energy evolution characteristics. The study analyzed variations in stress–strain curves, elastic modulus, energy conversion, and damage accumulation mechanisms. Experimental results demonstrate a deterioration trend in mechanical parameters (peak strength, yield stress, and elastic modulus) with increasing F–T cycles and stress levels. During elastic deformation stage, specimens subjected to lower stress levels (0.3<i>σ</i><sub>p</sub> and 0.5<i>σ</i><sub>p</sub>) exhibited reduced dissipated energy after one F–T cycle compared to unstressed ones, whereas the 0.7<i>σ</i><sub>p</sub> group showed increased energy dissipation. This behavior suggests that lower stresses may partially mitigate F–T and chemical corrosion damage, while higher stresses accelerate damage. A segmented damage model was developed to characterize the influence on rock damage. The damage suppression effect observed below 0.5<i>σ</i><sub>p</sub> during early F–T cycles, is evidenced by decreasing initial damage variables with rising stress levels. The combined action of cyclic frost heaving force generation/dissipation, mineral dissolution–precipitation reactions, and external stress loading promotes surface scaling and crack development of sandstone. More fractures of loaded sandstone generate under repeated F–T cycling which correlates with the nonlinear growth rate of dissipated energy.</p>

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Mechanical and Energy Evolution Behavior of Sandstone Under Combined Stress, Solution and Freeze–Thaw Cycles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月31日

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  • Miaomiao Wang,
  • Jing Han,
  • Pei Li,
  • Yubo Ren,
  • Hui Xu,
  • Hongming Feng,
  • Mingqiu Wang

摘要

Uniaxial compression tests were performed on sandstone specimens under varying stress levels, chemical solutions, and freeze–thaw (F–T) cycles to investigate their combined effects on mechanical properties and energy evolution characteristics. The study analyzed variations in stress–strain curves, elastic modulus, energy conversion, and damage accumulation mechanisms. Experimental results demonstrate a deterioration trend in mechanical parameters (peak strength, yield stress, and elastic modulus) with increasing F–T cycles and stress levels. During elastic deformation stage, specimens subjected to lower stress levels (0.3σp and 0.5σp) exhibited reduced dissipated energy after one F–T cycle compared to unstressed ones, whereas the 0.7σp group showed increased energy dissipation. This behavior suggests that lower stresses may partially mitigate F–T and chemical corrosion damage, while higher stresses accelerate damage. A segmented damage model was developed to characterize the influence on rock damage. The damage suppression effect observed below 0.5σp during early F–T cycles, is evidenced by decreasing initial damage variables with rising stress levels. The combined action of cyclic frost heaving force generation/dissipation, mineral dissolution–precipitation reactions, and external stress loading promotes surface scaling and crack development of sandstone. More fractures of loaded sandstone generate under repeated F–T cycling which correlates with the nonlinear growth rate of dissipated energy.