<p>Safety monitoring of underground engineering (such as tunnels, mines, etc.) is crucial for the stability of construction and operation. As a common support structure, the interaction between the stress state of anchor rods and the deformation of surrounding rock is an important factor affecting engineering safety. However, traditional monitoring methods have difficulty simultaneously achieving real-time, synchronous, and accurate monitoring of both anchor rod stress and surrounding rock deformation. Therefore, this article proposes and implements a synchronous monitoring system for anchor force and surrounding rock deformation based on hardware and software collaborative design. The hardware platform of the system is based on the STM32F103ZET6 microcontroller, integrating functional units such as AD conversion module, display module, RS-485 data transmission module, SD card storage module, etc. Through the collaborative work of each module, accurate data collection and reliable transmission are ensured. The software part includes data collection, real-time display, processing, and storage functions, and uses the FatFS file system to effectively manage data. The experimental results show that the monitoring system can efficiently obtain the stress changes of anchor rods and deformation information of surrounding rocks, with high real-time performance and stability. This study provides an innovative technical solution for the safety monitoring of underground engineering, which has important application prospects.</p>